| Symptom |
Possible Causes |
Investigations |
| 🔥 Dysuria (Painful urination) |
- UTI (cystitis, pyelonephritis)
- STIs (chlamydia, gonorrhoea)
- Urethritis
- Prostatitis (♂)
- Vaginitis/vulvovaginitis (♀)
|
- Urinalysis ± culture
- STI screen (NAAT swabs)
- Pelvic exam (♀)
- Digital rectal exam (♂)
|
| 🩸 Haematuria (Blood in urine) |
- UTI
- Renal/bladder stones
- Bladder or kidney cancer
- Glomerulonephritis
- Trauma/anticoagulation
|
- Urinalysis + microscopy (RBCs, casts)
- Renal ultrasound or CT KUB
- Cystoscopy if persistent/unexplained
- U&Es, eGFR
|
| 💧 Polyuria (Excessive urination) |
- Diabetes mellitus (osmotic diuresis)
- Diabetes insipidus
- Diuretics
- Psychogenic polydipsia
- Hypercalcaemia
|
- Blood glucose/HbA1c
- Urinalysis (glycosuria)
- Water deprivation test (if DI suspected)
- Serum electrolytes, calcium
|
| 🚱 Oliguria (Low output) |
- Dehydration
- Acute kidney injury
- Chronic kidney disease
- Obstruction (stones, BPH, tumours)
- Sepsis/poor perfusion
|
- U&Es, creatinine
- Urinalysis
- Renal/bladder ultrasound
- Fluid balance monitoring
|
| ⚡ Urgency (Sudden urge) |
- UTI
- Overactive bladder
- Bladder stones
- Prostatitis (♂)
- Neurological disease (MS, stroke)
|
- Urinalysis ± culture
- Urodynamics if persistent
- Renal/bladder imaging
- Neuro exam if indicated
|
| 🌙 Nocturia (Night-time urination) |
- Heart failure (fluid redistribution)
- Diabetes mellitus
- BPH (♂)
- Overactive bladder
- Medications (diuretics)
|
- Urinalysis
- Bloods: glucose, electrolytes
- Prostate exam (♂)
- Cardiac workup (ECG, echo)
|
| 🚻 Incontinence |
- Stress incontinence (pelvic floor weakness)
- Urge incontinence (OAB)
- Overflow incontinence (BPH, obstruction)
- Functional (mobility/cognitive impairment)
|
- Urinalysis
- Urodynamics
- Pelvic exam (♀)
- Prostate exam (♂)
- Bladder scan for residual urine
|
