Makindo Medical Notes

Breastfeeding is the optimal source of nutrition for infants, providing balanced nutrients, immune protection, and bonding benefits. Difficulties in breastfeeding are common (affecting up to 30–40% of new mothers) and may arise from maternal, infant, or combined factors. If not addressed, they can result in poor infant weight gain, dehydration, failure to thrive, or premature cessation of breastfeeding. Early recognition and support are crucial — medical students should understand the physiology, assessment, and management of common issues.

🧬 Physiology of Lactation

• Hormonal control:
  • Prolactin (from anterior pituitary) stimulates milk production.
  • Oxytocin (posterior pituitary) causes the "let-down reflex" via myoepithelial contraction.
• Supply-demand cycle: Frequent suckling stimulates prolactin and oxytocin release, maintaining supply.
• Breast anatomy: Milk is secreted by alveolar cells → ducts → nipple pores. Poor latch or obstruction leads to engorgement, blocked ducts, and infection risk.
• Neurohormonal loop: Infant suckling → afferent neural signal → hypothalamus → pituitary release of prolactin & oxytocin → milk ejection and continued production.

🔍 Diagnostic Approach

• 📝 History Taking: Explore maternal and infant history, birth details, previous breastfeeding, and perinatal complications.
• 👀 Observation: Watch a full feed — check latch, positioning, rooting, swallowing, and mother–infant interaction.
• 👩‍⚕️ Examination: Mother (nipples, breasts for trauma/infection) + infant (oral cavity, tongue mobility, palate, general tone).
• ⚖️ Weight & Hydration: Track infant weight gain, urine/stool frequency, signs of dehydration (sunken fontanelle, dry mucosa).

🤱 Maternal Factors

• 😣 Sore/Cracked Nipples: Pain on feeds, visible fissures → correct latch, lanolin/EBM, nipple shields short term.
• 💥 Engorgement: Painful, tense breasts → frequent feeding, warm compress before, cold after, express milk.
• 🔥 Mastitis: Local redness, pain, fever → continue breastfeeding, warm compresses, analgesia, antibiotics if needed.
• ⬇️ Flat/Inverted Nipples: Ineffective latch → nipple shield, hand expression, pump before feeds.
• 🥛 Insufficient Supply: Poor infant growth → increase feeding frequency, maternal hydration, skin-to-skin, galactagogues.
• 🧠 Psychological Stress: Anxiety/PND → reassurance, partner/family support, referral if severe.

👶 Infant Factors

• ❌ Poor Latch: Slipping off breast, unsettled → adjust position (cross-cradle/football), lactation support.
• 👅 Tongue-Tie: Restricted tongue, clicking sounds → consider frenotomy, lactation support meantime.
• 🍼 Prematurity: Weak suck–swallow–breathe → nipple shields, expressed milk via cup/bottle/NG tube.
• 👄 Structural Abnormalities: e.g. cleft palate → specialist referral, modified bottles, surgical planning.
• 🌕 Jaundice: Sleepy, poor feeding → frequent feeds, treat jaundice (e.g., phototherapy if indicated).
• 🧬 Neuro/Genetic Disorders: Hypotonia, syndromes → MDT care, tailored feeding plan, alternative feeding if needed.

📌 OSCE Pearls

• Always observe a feed — most diagnostic.
• Mention hydration + weight monitoring as safety netting.
• State you would involve lactation consultants and educate parents.
• Identify red flags: mastitis with systemic illness, jaundice with lethargy, or failure to thrive → urgent referral.

📝 Summary

Breastfeeding difficulties are multifactorial and require a structured assessment of both mother and infant. Medical students should understand the hormonal physiology of lactation, take a careful feeding history, observe a full feed, and identify both maternal and infant barriers. Early intervention with lactation support, medical treatment, and reassurance can prevent complications and improve outcomes for both mother and child.