Makindo Medical Notes

Anatomy

Posterior

Face and neck

Chest and abdomen

Arms

Legs

📊 Muscles of the Head & Neck – Comprehensive Atlas Table

Region	Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action	Innervation	Artery	Notes
Facial Expression	Orbicularis Oculi	Medial orbital margin, palpebral ligament	Skin around orbit, eyelids	Closes eyelids (blink, squint)	Facial n. (VII)	Facial, ophthalmic aa.	Key in blink reflex; weakness → exposure keratitis
	Orbicularis Oris	Maxilla & mandible (around mouth)	Skin/mucosa of lips	Closes, protrudes lips	Facial n.	Labial branches of facial a.	“Kissing muscle”
	Buccinator	Pterygomandibular raphe, alveolar margins	Orbicularis oris (corner of mouth)	Compresses cheek, aids mastication	Facial n.	Buccal a.	Pierced by parotid duct
	Frontalis (Occipitofrontalis, frontal belly)	Epicranial aponeurosis	Skin of forehead, eyebrows	Raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead	Facial n.	Superficial temporal a.	Communicates emotion
	Platysma	Fascia over clavicle/pectoralis	Mandible, skin of lower face	Tenses skin of neck, depresses mandible	Facial n.	Submental a.	Superficial, thin sheet in anterior neck
Mastication	Masseter	Zygomatic arch	Angle & ramus of mandible	Elevates mandible	Mandibular n. (V3)	Masseteric a.	Powerful jaw closer
	Temporalis	Temporal fossa	Coronoid process of mandible	Elevates, retracts mandible	V3 (deep temporal nn.)	Deep temporal aa.	Main retractor of mandible
	Medial Pterygoid	Medial surface lateral pterygoid plate	Medial mandibular ramus	Elevates, protrudes mandible	V3	Pterygoid branches maxillary a.	Forms “pterygoid sling” with masseter
	Lateral Pterygoid	Lateral surface lateral pterygoid plate	Neck of mandible, TMJ capsule	Protrudes, depresses mandible; side-to-side	V3	Pterygoid branches maxillary a.	Opens mouth (protraction + depression)
Tongue	Genioglossus	Mental spine of mandible	Tongue & hyoid	Protrudes tongue	Hypoglossal n. (XII)	Lingual a.	Main tongue protruder; keeps airway patent
	Hyoglossus	Hyoid bone	Side of tongue	Depresses tongue	Hypoglossal n.	Lingual a.	Lingual a. runs deep, hypoglossal n. superficial
	Styloglossus	Styloid process	Side of tongue	Retracts, elevates tongue	Hypoglossal n.	Ascending pharyngeal a.	Works with genioglossus in swallowing
	Palatoglossus	Palatine aponeurosis	Side of tongue	Elevates posterior tongue	Vagus (X, via pharyngeal plexus)	Ascending palatine a.	Only tongue muscle not by XII
Pharynx & Soft Palate	Superior / Middle / Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictors	Pterygoid hamulus, hyoid, thyroid/cricoid cartilage	Median pharyngeal raphe	Constrict pharynx (swallowing)	Vagus (X, pharyngeal plexus)	Ascending pharyngeal a.	Sequential contraction propels bolus
	Levator Veli Palatini	Petrous temporal bone, auditory tube	Palatine aponeurosis	Elevates soft palate	Vagus (X)	Ascending palatine a.	Blocks nasopharynx in swallowing
	Tensor Veli Palatini	Scaphoid fossa, auditory tube	Palatine aponeurosis	Tenses soft palate, opens auditory tube	Mandibular n. (V3)	Ascending palatine a.	Hooks around pterygoid hamulus
Larynx	Posterior Cricoarytenoid	Posterior cricoid	Arytenoid cartilage	Abducts vocal cords (opens airway)	Recurrent laryngeal n. (X)	Superior & inferior laryngeal aa.	Only abductor of cords → breathing
	Lateral Cricoarytenoid	Lateral cricoid	Arytenoid cartilage	Adducts vocal cords	Recurrent laryngeal n.	Laryngeal branches	Closes rima glottidis
	Cricothyroid	Cricoid cartilage	Inferior thyroid cartilage	Tenses cords (raises pitch)	External branch superior laryngeal n.	Cricothyroid a.	Only laryngeal muscle not by recurrent laryngeal
Neck	Sternocleidomastoid	Manubrium & clavicle	Mastoid process	Rotates head opposite side, flexes neck	Spinal accessory n. (XI), C2–C3 proprioception	Occipital a.	Clinical landmark for triangles of neck
	Scalenes (Ant, Mid, Post)	Cervical TPs	1st & 2nd ribs	Elevate ribs (inspiration), flex neck	Cervical spinal nn.	Ascending cervical a.	Brachial plexus passes between ant & mid
	Sternohyoid	Manubrium, clavicle	Hyoid	Depresses hyoid	Ansa cervicalis (C1–C3)	Superior thyroid a.	Infrahyoid “strap” muscle
	Sternothyroid	Manubrium	Thyroid cartilage	Depresses larynx	Ansa cervicalis	Superior thyroid a.	Deep to sternohyoid
	Omohyoid	Superior scapula	Hyoid	Depresses hyoid	Ansa cervicalis	Inferior thyroid a.	Has two bellies with intermediate tendon
	Mylohyoid	Mylohyoid line (mandible)	Hyoid, midline raphe	Elevates floor of mouth	Mylohyoid n. (V3)	Submental a.	Forms oral diaphragm

📊 Muscles of the Upper Limb – Comprehensive Atlas Table

Region	Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action	Innervation	Artery	Notes
Shoulder / Scapular	Deltoid	Clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula	Deltoid tuberosity (humerus)	Abducts (15–90°), flex/IR (ant.), extend/ER (post.)	Axillary n. (C5–C6)	Posterior circumflex humeral a.	Main shoulder abductor; fails in axillary n. injury
	Supraspinatus	Supraspinous fossa	Greater tubercle (superior facet)	Initiates abduction (0–15°)	Suprascapular n.	Suprascapular a.	Commonly torn rotator cuff muscle
	Infraspinatus	Infraspinous fossa	Greater tubercle (middle facet)	Lateral rotation	Suprascapular n.	Suprascapular a.	Part of rotator cuff
	Teres Minor	Lateral border of scapula	Greater tubercle (inferior facet)	Lateral rotation	Axillary n.	Circumflex scapular a.	Rotator cuff muscle
	Subscapularis	Subscapular fossa	Lesser tubercle of humerus	Medial rotation, adduction	Upper & lower subscapular nn.	Subscapular a.	Only rotator cuff muscle inserting on lesser tubercle
	Teres Major	Inferior angle of scapula	Medial lip of intertubercular sulcus	Adduction, medial rotation	Lower subscapular n.	Circumflex scapular a.	“Lat’s little helper”
	Serratus Anterior	Ribs 1–8	Medial scapular border	Protracts, upwardly rotates scapula	Long thoracic n.	Lateral thoracic a.	Winged scapula if paralysed
Arm – Anterior	Biceps Brachii	Short: coracoid; Long: supraglenoid tubercle	Radial tuberosity, bicipital aponeurosis	Flexes elbow, supinates forearm	Musculocutaneous n. (C5–C6)	Brachial a.	Supination most powerful when elbow flexed
	Brachialis	Anterior humeral shaft	Coronoid process of ulna	Main elbow flexor	Musculocutaneous n.	Brachial a.	Deep to biceps
	Coracobrachialis	Coracoid process	Medial mid-humerus	Flexes, adducts arm	Musculocutaneous n.	Brachial a.	Musculocutaneous n. pierces it
Arm – Posterior	Triceps Brachii	Long: infraglenoid tubercle; Lat/Med: posterior humerus	Olecranon process	Main elbow extensor	Radial n. (C6–C8)	Deep brachial a.	Long head crosses shoulder joint
Forearm – Anterior Superficial	Pronator Teres	Medial epicondyle, coronoid process	Lateral mid-radius	Pronation, weak elbow flexion	Median n.	Ulnar a.	Median n. passes between 2 heads
	Flexor Carpi Radialis	Medial epicondyle	Base of 2nd/3rd metacarpal	Flexes, abducts wrist	Median n.	Radial a.	Pierces flexor retinaculum
	Palmaris Longus	Medial epicondyle	Palmar aponeurosis	Flexes wrist	Median n.	Ulnar a.	Absent in ~15% population
	Flexor Carpi Ulnaris	Medial epicondyle, olecranon	Pisiform, hook of hamate, 5th metacarpal	Flexes, adducts wrist	Ulnar n.	Ulnar a.	Ulnar n. runs between its heads
	Flexor Digitorum Superficialis	Medial epicondyle, radius	Middle phalanges digits 2–5	Flexes PIP & MCP joints	Median n.	Ulnar a.	Forms intermediate layer
Forearm – Anterior Deep	Flexor Digitorum Profundus	Ulna, interosseous membrane	Distal phalanges 2–5	Flexes DIP joints	Ulnar n. (medial ½), Median n. (lateral ½)	Anterior interosseous a.	Dual innervation
	Flexor Pollicis Longus	Radius, interosseous membrane	Distal phalanx of thumb	Flexes thumb	Median n. (ant. interosseous)	Anterior interosseous a.	Key for grip strength
	Pronator Quadratus	Distal ulna	Distal radius	Main pronator	Median n. (ant. interosseous)	Anterior interosseous a.	Deepest anterior forearm muscle
Forearm – Posterior Superficial	Brachioradialis	Lateral supracondylar ridge	Styloid process of radius	Flexes elbow (mid-pronation)	Radial n.	Radial recurrent a.	“Drinking muscle”
	Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus	Lateral supracondylar ridge	Base of 2nd metacarpal	Extends, abducts wrist	Radial n.	Radial a.	Part of “mobile wad”
	Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis	Lateral epicondyle	Base of 3rd metacarpal	Extends, abducts wrist	Deep branch radial n.	Radial a.	Tennis elbow origin
	Extensor Digitorum	Lateral epicondyle	Extensor expansions digits 2–5	Extends fingers	Posterior interosseous n.	Posterior interosseous a.	Main finger extensor
	Extensor Digiti Minimi	Lateral epicondyle	Extensor expansion 5th digit	Extends little finger	Posterior interosseous n.	Posterior interosseous a.	Specialises finger 5
	Extensor Carpi Ulnaris	Lateral epicondyle, ulna	Base of 5th metacarpal	Extends, adducts wrist	Posterior interosseous n.	Ulnar a.	Active in gripping
Forearm – Posterior Deep	Supinator	Lateral epicondyle, supinator crest of ulna	Proximal radius	Supinates forearm	Deep branch radial n.	Radial recurrent a.	Radial n. passes through
	Abductor Pollicis Longus	Posterior ulna & radius, interosseous membrane	Base of 1st metacarpal	Abducts thumb	Posterior interosseous n.	Posterior interosseous a.	Forms lateral snuffbox border
	Extensor Pollicis Brevis	Posterior radius	Base of proximal phalanx of thumb	Extends thumb (MCP)	Posterior interosseous n.	Posterior interosseous a.	Snuffbox border
	Extensor Pollicis Longus	Posterior ulna	Base distal phalanx of thumb	Extends thumb (IP)	Posterior interosseous n.	Posterior interosseous a.	Forms medial snuffbox border
	Extensor Indicis	Posterior ulna	Extensor expansion index finger	Extends index	Posterior interosseous n.	Posterior interosseous a.	Gives independence to index finger
Hand – Thenar	Abductor Pollicis Brevis	Flexor retinaculum, scaphoid, trapezium	Proximal phalanx thumb (base)	Abducts thumb	Median n. (recurrent)	Superficial palmar br. radial a.	Superficial thenar muscle
	Flexor Pollicis Brevis	Flexor retinaculum, trapezium	Base proximal phalanx thumb	Flexes thumb	Median n. (superficial head), Ulnar n. (deep head)	Superficial palmar br. radial a.	Dual innervation
	Opponens Pollicis	Flexor retinaculum, trapezium	Lateral 1st metacarpal	Opposes thumb	Median n. (recurrent)	Radial a.	Key for precision grip
Hand – Hypothenar	Abductor Digiti Minimi	Pisiform	Base proximal phalanx 5th digit	Abducts little finger	Ulnar n.	Ulnar a.	Most medial hypothenar muscle
	Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis	Hook of hamate, flexor retinaculum	Base proximal phalanx 5th digit	Flexes little finger	Ulnar n.	Ulnar a.	Absent in some individuals
	Opponens Digiti Minimi	Hook of hamate, flexor retinaculum	Medial border 5th metacarpal	Opposition of little finger	Ulnar n.	Ulnar a.	Deepest hypothenar muscle
Hand – Central	Adductor Pollicis	Oblique head: metacarpals 2–3; Transverse head: 3rd metacarpal	Base proximal phalanx thumb	Adducts thumb	Ulnar n. (deep branch)	Deep palmar arch	Key pinch grip muscle
	Lumbricals (1–4)	Tendons of FDP	Extensor expansions digits 2–5	Flex MCP, extend IP joints	1–2: Median n.; 3–4: Ulnar n.	Superficial & deep palmar arches	“Writing muscle”
	Interossei (Palmar, Dorsal)	Metacarpals	Bases proximal phalanges, extensor expansions	PAD = ADduct; DAB = ABduct fingers	Ulnar n. (deep branch)	Palmar & dorsal metacarpal aa.	Critical for finger spreading & closing

📊 Muscles of the Chest, Abdomen & Pelvis – Comprehensive Atlas Table

Region	Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action	Innervation	Artery	Notes
Thorax	Diaphragm	Xiphoid, lower 6 ribs, L1–L3 bodies (crura)	Central tendon	Main muscle of inspiration	Phrenic n. (C3–C5)	Phrenic, musculophrenic, inf. phrenic aa.	Openings: T8 (IVC), T10 (oesophagus), T12 (aorta)
	External Intercostals	Inferior border of rib	Superior border of rib below	Elevate ribs (inspiration)	Intercostal nn. (T1–T11)	Intercostal aa.	Fibres run down & forward (“hands in pockets”)
	Internal Intercostals	Inferior border of rib	Superior border of rib below	Depress ribs (forced expiration)	Intercostal nn.	Intercostal aa.	Fibres run down & back (opposite to external)
	Innermost Intercostals	Inferior rib margin	Superior rib below	Assist respiration	Intercostal nn.	Intercostal aa.	Deepest layer; neurovascular bundle lies superficial
	Transversus Thoracis	Posterior sternum	Costal cartilages 2–6	Depresses ribs (forced expiration)	Intercostal nn.	Internal thoracic aa.	Part of innermost layer; variable fibres
	Subcostals	Inner rib surface near angle	2–3 ribs below	Assist in depressing ribs	Intercostal nn.	Intercostal aa.	Best seen posteriorly
Abdomen	External Oblique	Lower 8 ribs	Linea alba, iliac crest, pubic tubercle	Flexes, rotates trunk; compresses viscera	T7–T12, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal nn.	Lower intercostal, superior/inferior epigastric aa.	Forms inguinal ligament; gives spermatic fascia
	Internal Oblique	Iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia	Lower ribs, linea alba	Flexes, rotates trunk; compresses viscera	T7–T12, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal nn.	Same as external	Forms cremaster muscle in males
	Transversus Abdominis	Costal cartilages 7–12, iliac crest	Linea alba	Compresses abdominal contents	T7–T12, L1	Deep circumflex iliac, inferior epigastric aa.	Main “corset” muscle; deep abdominal stabiliser
	Rectus Abdominis	Pubic symphysis & crest	Xiphoid & 5th–7th costal cartilages	Flexes trunk; stabilises pelvis	T7–T12 intercostal nn.	Superior & inferior epigastric aa.	Interrupted by tendinous intersections (“six-pack”)
	Pyramidalis	Pubis	Linea alba	Tenses linea alba	T12	Inferior epigastric a.	Absent in ~20% of people
	Psoas Major	L1–L5 vertebral bodies	Lesser trochanter (with iliacus)	Hip flexor, trunk flexor	L1–L3 ventral rami	Lumbar aa.	Key in posture & gait
	Iliacus	Iliac fossa	Lesser trochanter (with psoas)	Flexes thigh	Femoral n. (L2–L3)	Iliac branch of iliolumbar a.	With psoas = iliopsoas
Pelvis & Perineum	Levator Ani (Puborectalis, Pubococcygeus, Iliococcygeus)	Pubis, ischial spine, tendinous arch	Coccyx, anococcygeal body	Supports pelvic viscera, maintains continence	Pudendal n., S3–S4	Inferior gluteal a.	Main pelvic diaphragm muscle
	Coccygeus (Ischiococcygeus)	Ischial spine	Coccyx & sacrum	Supports pelvic floor, pulls coccyx forward	S3–S4	Inferior gluteal a.	Completes pelvic diaphragm posteriorly
	External Anal Sphincter	Perineal body	Coccyx & encircles anal canal	Voluntary anal continence	Inferior rectal branch pudendal n.	Inferior rectal a.	Voluntary, skeletal muscle
	Internal Anal Sphincter	Smooth muscle of anal wall	Encircles anal canal	Involuntary continence	Autonomic (S4, pelvic splanchnic)	Middle rectal a.	Involuntary smooth muscle
	Bulbospongiosus (M/F)	Perineal body	Clitoris / Corpus spongiosum	Compresses bulb; expels urine/semen	Pudendal n.	Perineal a.	Sexual function, ejaculation, erection
	Ischiocavernosus	Ischiopubic ramus	Crus of penis/clitoris	Compresses crus; maintains erection	Pudendal n.	Perineal a.	Sexual function
	Superficial & Deep Transverse Perineal	Ischial rami	Perineal body	Stabilise perineal body	Pudendal n.	Perineal a.	Support pelvic floor
	Detrusor (Bladder)	Wall of bladder	Wall of bladder	Contracts to void urine	Parasymp. (S2–S4)	Vesical aa.	Smooth muscle; failure → retention

📊 Muscles of the Back – Summary Table

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action	Innervation	Artery	Notes
🟢 Erector Spinae Group
Iliocostalis	Iliac crest, sacrum	Angles of ribs	Extends & laterally bends trunk/neck	Dorsal rami C4–S5	Deep cervical, intercostal, lumbar aa.	Lateral column (lumborum, thoracis, cervicis)
Longissimus	Transverse processes (inferior)	Transverse processes (superior), mastoid	Extends & laterally bends trunk/neck/head	Dorsal rami C1–S1	Deep cervical, intercostal, lumbar aa.	Intermediate column (thoracis, cervicis, capitis)
Spinalis	Spinous processes (lower)	Spinous processes (upper), skull base	Extension & lateral flexion	Dorsal rami C2–L3	Deep cervical, intercostal, lumbar aa.	Most medial erector spinae
🟣 Transversospinalis Group
Multifidus	Sacrum, TP C3–L5	SP 2–4 levels above	Extension, contralateral rotation	Dorsal rami C1–L5	Segmental supply	Key stabiliser
Semispinalis	TP C7–T12	Skull (capitis) + SP 4–6 levels above	Extension, contralateral rotation	Dorsal rami C1–T12	Segmental supply	Superficial to multifidus
Rotatores	Transverse processes	SP 1–2 levels above	Contralateral rotation	Dorsal rami C1–L5	Segmental supply	Likely proprioceptive
Interspinales	SP (upper border)	SP above	Extension	Dorsal rami C1–L5	Segmental supply	Small, insignificant
Intertransversarii	TP (upper border)	TP above	Lateral flexion	Dorsal rami C1–L5	Segmental supply	Small, insignificant
🔵 Suboccipital Muscles
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major	SP of C2	Inferior nuchal line	Extension, ipsilateral rotation	Suboccipital nerve (C1 DPR)	Occipital a.	Forms border of suboccipital triangle
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor	Posterior tubercle of C1	Medial inferior nuchal line	Extension	Suboccipital nerve (C1 DPR)	Occipital a.	Deeper & more medial than major
Obliquus Capitis Superior	TP of C1	Occiput above inferior nuchal line	Extension, ipsilateral rotation	Suboccipital nerve (C1 DPR)	Occipital a.	Forms suboccipital triangle
Obliquus Capitis Inferior	SP of C2	TP of C1	Ipsilateral rotation	Suboccipital nerve (C1 DPR)	Occipital a.	Greater occipital nerve passes above
🟡 Splenius Group
Splenius Capitis	Ligamentum nuchae, SP C7–T6	Mastoid, sup. nuchal line	Extension, ipsilateral rotation	Dorsal rami C2–C6	Deep cervical, intercostal aa.	“Bandage” muscle of neck
Splenius Cervicis	SP C7–T6	TP C1–C3	Extension, ipsilateral rotation	Dorsal rami C2–C6	Deep cervical, intercostal aa.	More caudal insertion

💡 Teaching Pearls

✔️ Erector spinae mnemonic: “I Love Spaghetti” (Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis).
✔️ Transversospinalis mnemonic: “Some Muscles Rotate” (Semispinalis, Multifidus, Rotatores).
✔️ Suboccipital triangle: Borders = RCP Major, OCS, OCI. Contents = Vertebral artery + Suboccipital nerve.
✔️ Splenius = “bandage muscle” (wraps around neck).

📊 Muscles of the Lower Limb – Comprehensive Master Table

Region	Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action	Innervation	Artery	Notes
Gluteal	Gluteus Maximus	Ilium (posterior), sacrum, coccyx	Iliotibial tract, gluteal tuberosity	Extends & laterally rotates hip	Inferior gluteal n.	Inferior gluteal a.	Main power extensor; climbing/rising
	Gluteus Medius	Lateral ilium	Greater trochanter	Abducts, medially rotates thigh	Superior gluteal n.	Superior gluteal a.	Trendelenburg sign
	Gluteus Minimus	Lateral ilium	Greater trochanter	Abducts, medially rotates thigh	Superior gluteal n.	Superior gluteal a.	Assists pelvis stabilisation
	Piriformis	Anterior sacrum	Greater trochanter	Lateral rotation, abduction (flexed)	N. to piriformis	Inferior gluteal a.	Sciatic nerve exits below
	Obturator Internus	Obturator membrane (internal)	Greater trochanter (medial)	Lateral rotation, abduction	N. to obturator internus	Obturator a.	Exits lesser sciatic foramen
	Gemelli (Sup & Inf)	Sup: ischial spine; Inf: ischial tuberosity	Greater trochanter (via obturator internus tendon)	Lateral rotation	Sup: n. to obt. internus; Inf: n. to quad. femoris	Inferior gluteal a.	Small twin muscles
	Quadratus Femoris	Ischial tuberosity (lat. border)	Intertrochanteric crest	Lateral rotation	N. to quadratus femoris	Inferior gluteal a.	Short quadrangular muscle
Anterior Thigh	Iliopsoas	Iliac fossa & lumbar vertebrae	Lesser trochanter	Main hip flexor	Femoral n. (iliacus); L1–L3 (psoas)	Lumbar aa., femoral a.	Strongest hip flexor
	Sartorius	ASIS	Pes anserinus	Flex, abduct, lat. rotate hip; flex knee	Femoral n.	Femoral a.	Longest muscle
	Rectus Femoris	AIIS & acetabular rim	Tibial tuberosity (via patella)	Knee extension; hip flexion	Femoral n.	Femoral a.	Biarticular quadriceps
	Vastus Lateralis	Greater trochanter, linea aspera	Tibial tuberosity	Knee extension	Femoral n.	Lateral circumflex femoral a.	Largest quadriceps
	Vastus Medialis	Linea aspera, intertrochanteric line	Tibial tuberosity	Knee extension	Femoral n.	Femoral a.	VMO stabilises patella
	Vastus Intermedius	Anterior femur	Tibial tuberosity	Knee extension	Femoral n.	Femoral a.	Deep to rectus femoris
Medial Thigh	Adductor Longus	Pubis	Linea aspera (mid)	Adducts thigh	Obturator n.	Obturator a.	Forms femoral triangle border
	Adductor Brevis	Inf. pubic ramus	Pectineal line, prox. linea aspera	Adducts thigh	Obturator n.	Obturator a.	Between longus & magnus
	Adductor Magnus	Pubis & ischial tuberosity	Linea aspera, adductor tubercle	Adducts; hamstring part extends hip	Obturator n. + Tibial n.	Obturator, deep femoral aa.	Adductor hiatus → popliteal
	Gracilis	Inf. pubic ramus	Pes anserinus	Adducts thigh, flexes knee	Obturator n.	Obturator a.	Only medial thigh crossing knee
	Pectineus	Pecten pubis	Pectineal line femur	Adducts, flexes hip	Femoral ± Obturator n.	Obturator, medial circumflex femoral	Often dual innervation
Posterior Thigh	Biceps Femoris	Long: ischial tuberosity; Short: linea aspera	Head fibula	Extends hip, flexes knee	Long: Tibial n.; Short: Common fibular n.	Perforating branches	Hamstring prone to injury
	Semitendinosus	Ischial tuberosity	Pes anserinus	Extends hip, flexes knee	Tibial n.	Deep femoral branches	Long cord-like tendon
	Semimembranosus	Ischial tuberosity	Post. medial tibial condyle	Extends hip, flexes knee	Tibial n.	Deep femoral branches	Contributes to oblique popliteal ligament
Anterior Leg	Tibialis Anterior	Lateral tibia, interosseous membrane	Medial cuneiform, 1st metatarsal	Dorsiflexes, inverts foot	Deep fibular n.	Anterior tibial a.	Main dorsiflexor
	Extensor Digitorum Longus	Lateral tibial condyle, fibula	Extensor expansions toes 2–5	Extends toes, dorsiflexes	Deep fibular n.	Anterior tibial a.	Anterior compartment syndrome risk
	Extensor Hallucis Longus	Ant. fibula, interosseous membrane	Distal phalanx hallux	Extends hallux, dorsiflexes	Deep fibular n.	Anterior tibial a.	Thin, between TA & EDL
Lateral Leg	Fibularis Longus	Upper lat. fibula	1st metatarsal & medial cuneiform	Plantarflexes, everts	Superficial fibular n.	Fibular a.	Supports transverse arch
	Fibularis Brevis	Lower lat. fibula	Base 5th metatarsal	Plantarflexes, everts	Superficial fibular n.	Fibular a.	5th metatarsal stress fractures
	Fibularis Tertius	Distal ant. fibula	Dorsum 5th metatarsal	Everts, weak dorsiflexion	Deep fibular n.	Anterior tibial a.	Often absent (~20%)
Posterior Leg (Superficial)	Gastrocnemius	Femoral condyles	Calcaneus (Achilles tendon)	Plantarflexes ankle, flexes knee	Tibial n.	Posterior tibial a.	2-headed calf muscle
	Soleus	Post. tibia & fibula	Calcaneus	Plantarflexes ankle	Tibial n.	Posterior tibial a.	Postural, slow-twitch
	Plantaris	Lat. supracondylar femur	Calcaneus	Weak plantarflexion	Tibial n.	Posterior tibial a.	Absent in 10%
Posterior Leg (Deep)	Popliteus	Lateral femoral condyle	Post. tibia	Unlocks knee	Tibial n.	Posterior tibial a.	Rotates femur on tibia
	Tibialis Posterior	Post. tibia & fibula	Navicular, cuneiforms, MT 2–4	Inverts, plantarflexes, arch support	Tibial n.	Posterior tibial a.	Main arch supporter
	Flexor Digitorum Longus	Post. tibia	Distal phalanges toes 2–5	Flexes toes, plantarflexes	Tibial n.	Posterior tibial a.	“Dick” of Tom–Dick–Harry
	Flexor Hallucis Longus	Post. fibula	Distal phalanx hallux	Flexes great toe, plantarflexes	Tibial n.	Posterior tibial a.	“Harry”; toe-off in gait
Foot Intrinsics	Abductor Hallucis	Calcaneus	Prox. phalanx hallux	Abducts, flexes hallux	Medial plantar n.	Medial plantar a.	Medial sole border
	Abductor Digiti Minimi	Calcaneus	Prox. phalanx 5th toe	Abducts, flexes little toe	Lateral plantar n.	Lateral plantar a.	Lateral sole border
	Flexor Digitorum Brevis	Calcaneus	Middle phalanges 2–5	Flexes toes 2–5	Medial plantar n.	Plantar aa.	FDS equivalent
	Lumbricals (4)	Tendons of FDL	Extensor expansions 2–5	Flex MTP, extend IP	1st: medial plantar n.; others: lateral plantar n.	Plantar metatarsal aa.	“Bye-bye” muscles
	Quadratus Plantae	Calcaneus	Tendons of FDL	Assists FDL	Lateral plantar n.	Lateral plantar a.	Straightens FDL pull
	Adductor Hallucis	MT 2–4 (oblique), ligaments MTP 3–5 (transverse)	Prox. phalanx hallux	Adducts hallux	Lateral plantar n. (deep)	Lateral plantar a.	Supports transverse arch
	Interossei (Plantar 3, Dorsal 4)	MT shafts	Prox. phalanges 2–5	PAD = ADduct; DAB = ABduct	Lateral plantar n.	Plantar & dorsal metatarsal aa.	Intrinsic stabilisers of toes