Makindo Medical Notes"One small step for man, one large step for Makindo" |
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Related Subjects: |Atherosclerosis |Ischaemic heart disease |Assessing Chest Pain |ACS - General |ACS - STEMI |ACS - NSTEMI |ACS - GRACE Score |ACS - ECG Changes |ACS -Cardiac Troponins |ACS - Post MI arrhythmias |ACS: Right Ventricular Infarction
Modifiable risk factors | |
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π§ͺ Dyslipidaemia (β LDL, β HDL) | LDL accumulates in intima, becomes oxidised β foam cells. HDL is protective and promotes cholesterol efflux. |
π¬ Tobacco smoking | Enhances LDL oxidation, β endothelial dysfunction, β adhesion molecules. |
π Hypertension | Increases permeability of intima to lipoproteins, β smooth muscle proteoglycans binding LDL. |
π¬ Diabetes mellitus | Glycation of LDL + chronic endothelial dysfunction. |
βοΈ Obesity / inactivity | Promotes insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. |
Non-modifiable risk factors | |
π΄ Age | Risk rises steeply with age. |
π¨ Male sex | Lack of oestrogenβs protective effects (β HDL, β LDL). |
𧬠Family history | Premature CAD in 1st-degree relatives (<55M, <65F). |
Biological markers | |
π¬ Homocysteine | Pro-inflammatory, promotes platelet adhesiveness. |
π§ͺ Lp(a) | Competes with plasminogen β inhibits fibrinolysis. |
π₯ CRP and other inflammatory markers | Linked to plaque instability & rupture [3]. |