Makindo Medical Notes

An incidental finding is an abnormality discovered unintentionally during investigations performed for another reason. With modern imaging and screening tests, incidentalomas are increasingly common, raising challenges in interpretation, patient communication, and management.

📖 Introduction

• Incidental findings may be benign, clinically insignificant, or represent serious underlying disease.
• They are common in cross-sectional imaging (CT, MRI), screening tests (colonoscopy, mammography), and genomics (e.g., incidental pathogenic variants).
• Balancing over-investigation vs. missing significant pathology is crucial.

🔬 Pathophysiology & Background

• Not a disease itself — represents the interaction of background prevalence of asymptomatic disease + increasing sensitivity of diagnostic tools.
• False positives can lead to anxiety, invasive testing, and harm.
• Clinically relevant findings may provide opportunity for early diagnosis (e.g. incidental renal cell carcinoma).

⚠️ Common Examples

Incidental Finding	Clinical Notes	Management Approach
Adrenal incidentaloma 🧡	Found in ~4% of CT abdomens. Usually benign adenomas, but can be functional (Cushing’s, pheochromocytoma) or malignant.	Biochemical screen for hormone excess + CT features. Refer endocrinology if >4 cm, suspicious, or functional.
Pulmonary nodules 🌫️	Small nodules seen on chest CT. Most benign (granulomas, scars).	Use BTS/Fleischner criteria for size & risk-based follow-up. Consider PET-CT if suspicious.
Renal mass/cyst 🧪	Common on ultrasound/CT. Simple cysts benign, complex may represent carcinoma.	Bosniak classification guides follow-up vs. surgery.
Thyroid nodule 🦋	Detected on carotid US/CT neck. Vast majority benign.	Risk stratification (U classification, TIRADS), FNAC if ≥1 cm with suspicious features.
Brain white matter lesions 🧠	Incidental small vessel disease or demyelination on MRI. Common in older adults.	Assess vascular risk, may not need further investigation if asymptomatic.
Colonic polyps 🧻	Found during colonoscopy for unrelated symptoms.	Polypectomy + histology; surveillance colonoscopy as per guidelines.
Genomic incidental findings 🧬	Next-generation sequencing may reveal unexpected pathogenic variants (e.g., BRCA1 mutation).	Ethical counselling, disclosure policies, and cascade family testing may be required.

🩺 Clinical Approach

• 📋 Assess clinical relevance: size, appearance, function, patient age, comorbidities.
• 📚 Use guidelines: e.g. ACR for adrenal nodules, BTS for lung nodules.
• ⚖️ Risk–benefit balance: consider psychological harm and iatrogenic risks of over-investigation.
• 🧠 Patient communication: explain uncertainty, natural history, and follow-up plans clearly.
• 👩‍⚕️ Multidisciplinary review: radiology, pathology, genetics, and specialty input as needed.

📌 Ethical & Practical Issues

• 🔄 Duty to disclose: Clinicians must inform patients of findings that are clinically significant.
• 🧭 Consent & expectation-setting: Patients should be aware of the chance of incidental findings when consenting for imaging/genomics.
• 💰 Cost & resource use: Over-investigation burdens healthcare systems.
• 🧑‍⚕️ Defensive medicine vs. minimalism: Requires balanced, guideline-driven decisions.

💊 Management Principles

• Reassure and discharge if clearly benign (e.g., simple renal cyst, lipoma).
• Surveillance imaging for low-risk findings (lung nodules, small adrenal adenomas).
• Specialist referral for indeterminate or high-risk lesions (oncology, endocrinology, genetics).
• Urgent action for suspicious or malignant-looking lesions.

📚 References

• BTS Guidelines on Pulmonary Nodules, 2015.
• European Society of Endocrinology – Adrenal Incidentaloma Guidelines.
• ACR Incidental Findings Committee White Papers.
• NICE Guidelines on Colorectal Cancer Surveillance.

💡 Summary: Incidental findings are increasingly common due to advanced imaging and genetic testing. A structured approach using history, imaging features, and guidelines helps avoid over- or under-treatment. Clear communication with patients and multidisciplinary involvement are essential for safe, ethical care.

Cases — Incidentalomas

• Case 1 (Adrenal incidentaloma): 🧡 A 56-year-old woman undergoes CT abdomen for renal colic. An incidental 3 cm adrenal mass is detected. She is asymptomatic with no signs of Cushing’s, Conn’s, or phaeochromocytoma. Biochemical screening (overnight dexamethasone suppression, plasma metanephrines, renin/aldosterone ratio) is normal. Management: Non-functioning, <4 cm, benign-appearing lesion → conservative management with repeat CT at 12 months. Outcome: Mass remains stable; no biochemical changes. Reassured and discharged from follow-up.
• Case 2 (Thyroid incidentaloma): 🦋 A 49-year-old man undergoes carotid Doppler ultrasound for TIA assessment. A 1.5 cm hypoechoic thyroid nodule is noted. He has no compressive symptoms and normal thyroid function tests. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is performed due to suspicious ultrasound features (U3). Management: FNAC shows a benign colloid nodule. No surgery required; routine ultrasound follow-up arranged. Outcome: Nodule remains unchanged after 2 years; patient reassured.
• Case 3 (Pituitary incidentaloma): 🧠 A 62-year-old man has an MRI brain after a fall with minor head injury. A 9 mm pituitary lesion is detected. He has no visual symptoms. Hormonal work-up shows normal pituitary function. Management: Endocrinology referral. Monitored with serial MRI and endocrine testing. No intervention required as <1 cm and non-functioning. Outcome: Stable lesion after 3 years of surveillance. Patient discharged from endocrinology clinic.

🧑‍⚕️ Teaching Commentary

An incidentaloma is an asymptomatic lesion found unexpectedly on imaging done for another reason. Common sites: adrenal, thyroid, pituitary. 🔑 Principles: • Always assess whether the lesion is hormonally active or malignant. • Size and imaging characteristics guide need for biopsy/surgery. • Many incidentalomas are benign and require only monitoring. 🌟 The challenge is balancing early detection of significant disease with avoiding over-investigation of harmless findings.