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Related Subjects: |Causes of abnormal Vaginal bleeding |Vaginal Carcinoma |Cervical cancer |Antepartum haemorrhage |Post Menopausal Bleeding |Postpartum haemorrhage
The prevalence of abnormal uterine bleeding among reproductive-aged women internationally is estimated to be between 3% to 30% with a higher incidence occurring around menarche and perimenopause
Cause | Clinical Presentation | Investigations | Management |
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Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) | Irregular periods, hirsutism, obesity | Serum LH/FSH ratio, Pelvic ultrasound | Lifestyle modification, Metformin, Hormonal therapy |
Uterine Fibroids | Heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain | Pelvic ultrasound, MRI | Myomectomy, Hysterectomy, GnRH agonists |
Endometrial Cancer | Postmenopausal bleeding, intermenstrual bleeding | Endometrial biopsy, Transvaginal ultrasound | Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy |
Ectopic Pregnancy | Lower abdominal pain, amenorrhea, vaginal bleeding | Serum β-hCG, Transvaginal ultrasound | Methotrexate, Laparoscopic surgery |
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) | Lower abdominal pain, fever, vaginal discharge | Cervical swabs, Pelvic ultrasound | Antibiotic therapy |
Von Willebrand Disease | Heavy menstrual bleeding, easy bruising | Bleeding time, vWF antigen test | Desmopressin, vWF concentrates |
Thyroid Disorders | Irregular periods, weight changes, fatigue | TSH, Free T4 | Thyroid hormone replacement, Antithyroid drugs |
Endometrial Polyps | Intermenstrual bleeding, spotting | Hysteroscopy, Pelvic ultrasound | Polypectomy, Hormonal therapy |
Adenomyosis | Heavy menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhea | MRI, Transvaginal ultrasound | NSAIDs, Hormonal therapy, Hysterectomy |
Cervical Cancer | Postcoital bleeding, intermenstrual bleeding | Pap smear, Colposcopy, Biopsy | Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy |
Anticoagulant Use | Heavy menstrual bleeding, easy bruising | INR, PT, aPTT | Adjust anticoagulant dose, Consider alternatives |