Central Cyanosis: 💙 due to failure of pulmonary oxygenation. Seen soon after birth or during crying/feeding. Severity depends on balance of systemic vs pulmonary flow.
Pulse Oximetry: 📉 Screening at 24–48h is vital but may miss some cases.
Echocardiography: 🩻 Gold standard; ECG/CXR can provide clues. MRI/CT if anatomy unclear.
Medical Management: 💉 Prostaglandin E1 to keep ductus arteriosus open; diuretics/ACEi for heart failure until surgery.
Surgical/Interventional: Complex repairs in specialist centres (e.g. arterial switch for TGA, BT shunt for TOF).
Post-Surgical Complications: Arrhythmias, residual defects, pulmonary hypertension, polycythaemia.
Long-Term Care: Lifelong cardiology follow-up. Monitor for arrhythmias, ventricular dysfunction, endocarditis.
Psychosocial Impact: 👨‍👩‍👧 Repeated hospitalisation and chronic illness → need for counselling & school support.
Growth & Development: 📉 Hypoxaemia may stunt growth; nutritional support & developmental review essential.

📊 Table of Common Defects & Management

Condition	Cause	Clinical Findings	Treatment
⛰ Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)	4 defects: VSD, Pulmonary stenosis, RVH, Overriding aorta	💙 Cyanosis (worse on feeding/crying) ⚡ "Tet spells" Clubbing Harsh murmur	Surgical repair (infancy) Blalock-Taussig shunt if delayed Prostaglandin E1 for ductal patency
🔄 Transposition of Great Arteries (TGA)	Aorta & PA swapped → parallel circulation	💙 Cyanosis from birth Rapid breathing Poor feeding	Arterial switch (first weeks) Prostaglandin E1 Balloon atrial septostomy (Rashkind)
🚪 Tricuspid Atresia	No tricuspid valve → small RV	Severe cyanosis Tachypnoea Poor feeding	Staged repair: BT shunt → Glenn → Fontan Prostaglandin E1
🔀 TAPVR	Pulmonary veins drain into RA	💙 Cyanosis Respiratory distress Heart murmur	Surgical correction (re-route veins) Supportive care pre-op
🌳 Truncus Arteriosus	Single arterial trunk supplies systemic + pulmonary flow	💙 Cyanosis Heart failure (tachypnoea, sweating) Loud single S2	Surgical repair (first weeks) Diuretics/ACEi pre-op
🫀 Hypoplastic Left Heart (HLHS)	Underdeveloped LV, MV, AV, ascending aorta	💙 Cyanosis Weak pulses Signs of shock	Staged repair: Norwood → Glenn → Fontan Heart transplant in some Prostaglandin E1

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Congenital Cyanotic Heart Disease (Children)

💙 Causes of Congenital Cyanotic Heart Disease (Children)

⚠️ General Issues

📊 Table of Common Defects & Management

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