Makindo Medical Notes"One small step for man, one large step for Makindo" |
![]() |
---|---|
Download all this content in the Apps now Android App and Apple iPhone/Pad App | |
MEDICAL DISCLAIMER: The contents are under continuing development and improvements and despite all efforts may contain errors of omission or fact. This is not to be used for the assessment, diagnosis, or management of patients. It should not be regarded as medical advice by healthcare workers or laypeople. It is for educational purposes only. Please adhere to your local protocols. Use the BNF for drug information. If you are unwell please seek urgent healthcare advice. If you do not accept this then please do not use the website. Makindo Ltd. |
Related Subjects: Type 1 DM |Introduction to Type 2 Diabetes |Management of Type 2 Diabetes |Diabetes in Pregnancy |HbA1c |Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Adults |Hyperglycaemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS) |Diabetic Nephropathy |Diabetic Retinopathy |Diabetic Neuropathy |Diabetic Amyotrophy |Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) |Diabetes: Complications
๐ Insulin resistance = when higher insulin levels are required to achieve the same glucose-lowering effect. This underpins Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) ๐.
Range | UK (mmol/L) | US (mg/dL) |
---|---|---|
Normal (Fasting) | 4.0 - 5.9 | 72 - 106 |
Normal (After Meal) | 4.0 - 7.8 | 72 - 140 |
Pre-diabetes (Fasting) | 6.0 - 6.9 | 108 - 124 |
Diabetes (Fasting) | โฅ 7.0 | โฅ 126 |
Hypoglycaemia | < 4.0 | < 72 |
Random Diabetes Diagnosis | โฅ 11.1 | โฅ 200 |
Drug | Mechanism | Key Points |
---|---|---|
Metformin | โ Insulin sensitivity | First-line; weight-neutral; avoid if eGFR <30 |
Sulfonylureas | Stimulate insulin secretion | Risk of hypo; weight gain; useful if not overweight |
Glitazones | PPAR-ฮณ agonist (โ sensitivity) | Avoid in heart failure; fluid retention |
SGLT-2 inhibitors | โ Renal glucose excretion | Cause weight loss; good CV benefits; risk of GU infections |
DPP-4 inhibitors | โ Incretin effect | Weight-neutral, low hypo risk |
๐ฉ A 52-year-old woman with BMI 33 presents with polyuria ๐ฝ, polydipsia ๐ง and tiredness. Fasting glucose: 8.4 mmol/L, HbA1c: 63 mmol/mol. โ Diagnosis: Type 2 Diabetes. ๐ ๏ธ Management: Start with lifestyle modification + metformin, monitor HbA1c, and add further therapy if control not achieved.