Makindo Medical Notes

👁️ Orbital cellulitis and Preorbital (Preseptal) cellulitis are distinct but related infections. Both cause swollen, red eyelids, but **orbital cellulitis involves deeper tissues within the orbit (posterior to the orbital septum), making it a sight- and life-threatening emergency. 👉 Differentiating the two is critical: orbital cellulitis requires urgent inpatient care, while preseptal cellulitis can often be managed with oral antibiotics.

📖 Introduction

👁️ Orbital cellulitis and Preseptal (Preorbital) cellulitis are important but distinct infections of the eye and surrounding tissues. Both present with red, swollen eyelids, but the key difference lies in their anatomical location:

• 🟡 Preseptal cellulitis: Infection is anterior to the orbital septum, involving eyelid and periocular tissues only. It is uncomfortable but usually not sight-threatening.
• 🔴 Orbital cellulitis: Infection extends posterior to the orbital septum, into the orbit itself. This is a medical emergency due to risks of permanent blindness, cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis, and intracranial abscess.
• 👉 Differentiation is crucial because management differs dramatically: while preseptal cellulitis can often be treated with oral antibiotics and outpatient follow-up, orbital cellulitis requires hospital admission, IV antibiotics, and urgent ophthalmology/ENT involvement.

🧾 Explanation

The orbital septum is a thin connective tissue layer that separates the superficial eyelid tissues from the deeper orbital contents. It serves as a natural barrier: infections in front of it (preseptal) are limited and less dangerous, but infections that spread behind it (orbital) gain direct access to vital orbital structures, including the optic nerve and extraocular muscles. Most cases of orbital cellulitis arise from ethmoid sinusitis, due to the thinness of the lamina papyracea, allowing bacteria to spread into the orbit. This explains why children — who are prone to sinus infections — are the group most at risk.

Clinically, the red flag signs of orbital cellulitis are:

• ❌ Painful or restricted eye movements (ophthalmoplegia).
• 👀 Proptosis (bulging of the eye).
• 📉 Reduced visual acuity or diplopia.
• 🌡️ Systemic toxicity (fever, malaise).

🔬 Pathophysiology

• Preorbital (Preseptal) Cellulitis: Infection confined to tissues anterior to the orbital septum (skin, subcutaneous tissue, eyelids). Usually arises from local trauma, insect bites, or spread from superficial infections.
• Orbital Cellulitis: Infection spreads posterior to the orbital septum, often from ethmoid sinusitis crossing the thin lamina papyracea. Leads to orbital inflammation, raised intraorbital pressure, and potential optic nerve compromise.

📊 Comparison Table

⚠️ Clinical Pearls

• 🔑 Pain on eye movement, diplopia, or proptosis → think Orbital Cellulitis.
• 👶 Children with red eyelids after sinusitis → always assess carefully; orbital disease can progress quickly.
• 🖥️ CT scan is the investigation of choice if orbital cellulitis is suspected.
• 📉 Orbital cellulitis carries a high risk of permanent vision loss and intracranial spread → never discharge untreated.
• ✅ Preseptal cellulitis can often be treated with oral antibiotics but requires safety-netting and follow-up.

💡 Teaching Tip: If eyelid swelling is present but the child can move the eye in all directions without pain, has no proptosis, and vision is normal → likely preseptal. If movement is painful/restricted, proptosis is present, or vision is affected → orbital cellulitis until proven otherwise.