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  • ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
  • AF and Anticoagulation โœ…
  • AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) Testing
  • AIDS (HIV) Neurological Disease
  • AIDS (HIV) Respiratory disease
  • AIDS Dementia Complex (HIV) โœ…
  • AIDS HAART Antiretroviral Drugs โœ…
  • AIDS HIV Infection and a Fever โœ…
  • AIDS(HIV) Gastrointestinal Disease
  • APGAR Scoring (Children)
  • APTT and Coagulation
  • Abacavir ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Abatacept ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Abbreviated Mental Test Score (AMTS)
  • Abciximab ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) โœ…
  • Abdominal Distension
  • Abdominal Mass (Child health)
  • Abdominal Masses: Clinical Approach and Considerations
  • Abdominal X Ray Collections
  • Abdominal X-Ray (AXR)
  • Abdominal paracentesis for ascites
  • Abducent Nerve (Cranial Nerve VI)
  • Abetalipoproteinemia (Bassen-Kornzweig Syndrome)
  • Abnormal Involuntary Movements
  • Abnormal eating exercising behaviour (Children)
  • Abnormal urinalysis
  • Abscess - General
  • Absence Seizure
  • Acamprosate ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Acanthocytes
  • Acanthosis Nigricans
  • Acarbose ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm โค๏ธ
  • Accessory Nerve (Cranial Nerve XI)
  • Acetazolamide ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Acetylcholine Receptor Antibodies
  • Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
  • Achalasia
  • Achenbachโ€™s syndrome
  • Achilles Tendon rupture
  • Achondroplasia
  • Aciclovir ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Acid maltase deficiency (Pompe disease)
  • Acid-Base abnorrmalities
  • Acne Rosacea โœ…
  • Acne Vulgaris โœ…
  • Acoustic Neuroma โœ…
  • Acquired Long QT syndrome (LQTS)
  • Acrodermatitis enteropathica (Children)
  • Acromegaly and Giantism
  • Acromio-clavicular joint
  • Actinic Keratosis
  • Actinomyces israeli
  • Action Potential Neuron Versus Cardiac Ventricular Myocyte
  • Activated Charcoal
  • Active Proctitis
  • Actrapid (Insulin)
  • Acute (Ascending) Cholangitis
  • Acute Abdomen - Perforation of a Viscus
  • Acute Abdominal Pain (OSCE focused)
  • Acute Abdominal Pain - Children โœ…
  • Acute Abdominal Pain in Adults
  • Acute Acalculous Cholecystitisโœ…
  • Acute Airway Obstruction
  • Acute Anaphylactoid Reactions
  • Acute Anaphylaxis
  • Acute Appendicitis (OSCE focused)
  • Acute Appendicitis in Children
  • Acute Appendicitis โœ…
  • Acute Bacterial Meningitis (Adults) โœ…
  • Acute Bacterial Meningitis in Children
  • Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
  • Acute Blepharitis
  • Acute Bronchitis
  • Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Oedema (CPO/LVF) โค๏ธ
  • Acute Change in Vision or Vision Loss (OSCE focused)
  • Acute Chest Syndrome (Sickle Cell)
  • Acute Cholecystitis โœ…
  • Acute Colonic Pseudo-obstruction
  • Acute Compartment Syndrome
  • Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) NSTEMI USA โค๏ธ
  • Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) STEMI โค๏ธ
  • Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS): Chest Pain โค๏ธ
  • Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS): Complications
  • Acute Coronary Syndrome Arrhythmias
  • Acute Coronary Syndrome Grace score โค๏ธ
  • Acute Coronary Syndrome TIMI Score
  • Acute Coronary Syndrome: Cardiac Thrombolysis โค๏ธ
  • Acute Coronary Syndrome: Overview
  • Acute Coronary Syndrome: Sgarbossa Criteria
  • Acute Coronary Syndrome: Unstable Angina
  • Acute Coronary: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
  • Acute Delirium
  • Acute Disc Prolapse
  • Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
  • Acute Dystonic Reaction
  • Acute Encephalitis
  • Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia
  • Acute Epiglottitis
  • Acute Exacerbation of COPD
  • Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy
  • Acute Glaucoma
  • Acute Glomerulonephritis in Children
  • Acute Hepatitis and Acute Liver disease
  • Acute Hydrocephalus
  • Acute Hypotension
  • Acute Inflammation
  • Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP)
  • Acute Interstitial nephritis
  • Acute Joint Pain and Swelling (Children)
  • Acute Kidney Injury
  • Acute Limb Ischaemia
  • Acute Liver Disease & Acute Liver Failure (NICE)
  • Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)
  • Acute Monoarthritis
  • Acute Myeloblastic Leukaemia (AML)
  • Acute Myocarditis โœ…
  • Acute Neck Injury (no fracture)
  • Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
  • Acute Pancreatitis โœ…
  • Acute Pericarditis โœ…
  • Acute Phase reactants
  • Acute Porphyrias
  • Acute Promyelocytic Leukaemia (APML)
  • Acute Psychosis
  • Acute Pyelonephritis and Urosepsis (UTI)
  • Acute Radiation Syndromes
  • Acute Renal / Ureteric Colic & Urinary Tract Stones โœ…
  • Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
  • Acute Retroviral Syndrome (HIV)
  • Acute Rhabdomyolysis โœ…
  • Acute Right-Sided Weakness (OSCE focused) ๐Ÿง 
  • Acute Rotator Cuff Tear
  • Acute Severe Asthma (Status Asthmaticus)
  • Acute Severe Colitis
  • Acute Stroke Care Guidance UK Ireland 2023
  • Acute Tracheitis
  • Acute Urinary Retention
  • Acute and Chronic Diarrhoea
  • Acute and Chronic Gout โœ…
  • Acute on Chronic Liver Disease Decompensation
  • Acute rash (Child Health)
  • Acutely Ill Critical care patient with High NEWS
  • Acutely Ill Patient with Parkinson's disease
  • Adalimumab ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACER)
  • Addison Disease (Adrenal Insufficiency)
  • Adefovir ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Adenocarcinoma of the Ampulla of vater
  • Adenosine deaminase deficiency
  • Adenosine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)
  • Administer IV Injection
  • Adrenal Adenomas
  • Adrenal Cancer
  • Adrenal Masses Incidentalomas
  • Adrenaline (Epinephrine) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Adrenocortical crises (Babies)
  • Adrenoleukodystrophy
  • Adrenomyeloneuropathy
  • Adult Onset Stills Disease
  • Adult Polycystic kidney disease
  • Adverse Drug Effects
  • African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness)
  • Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)
  • Aicardi syndrome
  • Air Embolism โœ…
  • Alberta Stroke program Early CT score (ASPECT) scoring system
  • Albumin
  • Albumin-Protein Creatinine Ratio (PCR)
  • Alcohol Metabolism
  • Alcohol Withdrawal (Delirium Tremens)
  • Alcoholic Hepatitis
  • Alcoholic Ketoacidosis
  • Aldosterone
  • Alendronate (Alendronic acid) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Alfacalcidol ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Algorithms
  • Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
  • Alkalinisation of urine
  • Alkaptonuria
  • Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
  • Allergic Rhinitis
  • Allergic disorders
  • Allergies
  • Allogeneic stem cell transplantation
  • Allopurinol ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Alogliptin (Vipidia) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Alopecia Areata
  • Alopecia โœ…
  • Alpha Thalassaemia
  • Alpha subunit (ASU) of TSH
  • Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency
  • Alport's Syndrome
  • Alteplase ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Altitude sickness / Acute Mountain sickness
  • Aluminium and Magnesium Antacids
  • Alveolar Gas Equation
  • Alzheimer disease (Dementia) โœ…
  • Amantadine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Amaurosis fugax
  • Amblyopia
  • Ameloblastoma
  • Amenorrhoea
  • American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)
  • Amiloride
  • Amino acids
  • Aminoglycosides ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Aminophylline ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Aminosalicylates ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Amiodarone and Thyroid disease
  • Amiodarone ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Amitriptyline ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Amlodipine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Ammonia Encephalopathy
  • Amnestic syndromes and Memory Disorders
  • Amoebiasis Amoebic (Entamoeba histolytica)
  • Amoxicillin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Amphetamine toxicityโš ๏ธ
  • Amphotericin B ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Ampicillin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Amputations
  • Anaemia (Child Health)
  • Anaemia (Pregnancy)
  • Anaemia in Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Anaemia of Chronic Disease
  • Anaemia: Assessment โœ…
  • Anagrelide ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Anakinra ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Anal Cancer
  • Anal Fissure
  • Analgesic Nephropathy
  • Anaromy and Physiology of the Brain
  • Anatomy and Phsyiology of the Ear
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Pituitary
  • Anatomy and Physiology of Cilia
  • Anatomy and Physiology of Female Genitalia and Reproduction
  • Anatomy and Physiology of Male Genitalia
  • Anatomy and Physiology of Nerves
  • Anatomy and Physiology of Ribs and Chest Wall
  • Anatomy and Physiology of Small Bowel
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Abdomen
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Adrenal Gland
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Basal Ganglia
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Biliary system
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Bladder
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Bone Marrow
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Brainstem
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Breast
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Cauda equina
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Cerebellum
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Cerebral Cortex
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Coronary Arteries
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Diaphragm
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Glomerulus
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Kidneys
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Large Bowel (Colon, Rectum, Anal Canal)
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Larynx
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Liver
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Lungs
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Nose
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Oesophagus
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Ovary
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Pancreas
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Parathyroid Gland
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Pelvis
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Pharynx
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Rectum
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Spinal Cord
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Spine
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Spleen
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Stomach
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Thorax
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Thymus Gland
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Thyroid Gland
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Uterus and Fallopian Tubes
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Vascular System
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the vagina
  • Anatomy and Physiology: Human
  • Anatomy of Cells and Physiology
  • Anatomy of Dentistry
  • Anatomy of the Hand
  • Anatomy of the Inguinal and Femoral canal
  • Anatomy of the Muscles
  • Anatomy of the Skin
  • Anatony and Physiology of the Nephron
  • Andexanet alfa
  • Androgen insensitivity syndrome
  • Aneurysms, ischaemic limb and occlusions
  • Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
  • Angiodysplasia
  • Angiomyolipoma
  • Angioneurotic Oedema
  • Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
  • Angiotensin Converting enzyme (ACE) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Angular Stomatitis - Cheilitis
  • Anion Gap
  • Ankle-Brachial Pressure Index (OSCE focused)
  • Ankylosing spondylitis
  • Anomalous Coronary Arteries
  • Anorexia Nervosa
  • Anosmia
  • Antacid medication
  • Anterior / Medial Medullary Infarct (Dejerine Syndrome)
  • Anterior Choroidal Artery Ischaemic Stroke
  • Anterior Cruciate ligament injury
  • Anterior Horn Cell diseases
  • Anterior Spinal Cord syndrome
  • Anterior circulation Brain
  • Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
  • Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibody (ACPA)
  • Anti-D immunoglobulin
  • Anti-Hu antibodies
  • Anti-NMDA (NMDAR) receptor encephalitis
  • Anti-OKT3 antibodies
  • Anti-RNP Antibody
  • Anti-Yo antibodies
  • Anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)
  • Antiarrhythmic agents
  • Antibiotic Guidelines (NICE compliant 2026)
  • Antibiotics Mechanisms
  • Antibiotics for Abdominal Infections
  • Anticholinergic Burden
  • Anticholinergic syndrome
  • Anticipation
  • Anticoagulation and Antithrombotic
  • Antidiuretic hormone (Vasopressin)
  • Antigen presenting cells
  • Antimicrobial Choices
  • Antimicrobial agents
  • Antimuscarinic drugs ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Antiphospholipid Syndrome
  • Antithrombin III deficiency (AT3)
  • Anuria and Oliguria
  • Anxiety Phobias and OCD
  • Anxiety disorder: generalised (GAD)
  • Aortic Dissection โœ…
  • Aortic Regurgitation โœ…
  • Aortic Sclerosis
  • Aortic Stenosis โœ…
  • Aortoenteric fistula
  • Apathetic thyrotoxicosis
  • Apixaban
  • Aplastic anaemia
  • Apomorphine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Apoptosis
  • Appendix Cancer Tumours
  • Approach to the Child with Respiratory Distress
  • Apraxia
  • Arachnoid cyst
  • Arnold Chiari malformation
  • Arrhythmias
  • Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
  • Artemisinins ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Arterial blood gas sampling
  • Arterial thrombosis
  • Arteriovenous Malformations
  • Artery of Percheron stroke
  • Artery-to-artery embolic stroke
  • Artesunate
  • Arthritis Diagnosis Compared
  • Arthrocentesis and Synovial fluid analysis
  • Asbestos Related Lung disease
  • Ascites
  • Aspergilloma
  • Aspergillus fumigatus
  • Aspirin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Aspirin/Salicylate Toxicity
  • Assessing Hearing Loss
  • Assessing Significance
  • Assessing a Patient who is Shocked
  • Assessing and Painful Red eye
  • Assessment of Causes of Nausea ๐Ÿคข
  • Assessment of causes of Vaginal Discharge
  • Asteatotic eczema
  • Asthma
  • Asthma COPD overlap syndrome
  • Astigmatism
  • Astrocytomas
  • Ataxia Telangiectasia
  • Atazanavir ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Atenolol ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Atherosclerosis โค๏ธ
  • Atorvastatin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Atracurium
  • Atrial Ectopic beats
  • Atrial Fibrillation and Rhythm Control
  • Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
  • Atrial myxoma โค๏ธ
  • Atrial septal defect (ASD) โค๏ธ
  • Atrioventricular Block
  • Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia AVNRT โค๏ธ
  • Atrophic vaginitis
  • Atropine Sulfate ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
  • Auditory hallucinations
  • Autism spectrum disorder
  • Autism spectrum disorder
  • Autoimmune Haemolytic anaemia (AIHA)
  • Autoimmune Hepatitis
  • Autoimmune Liver Disease
  • Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes
  • Automatic Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (AICD)
  • Autonomic Nervous System
  • Autonomic neuropathy โœ…
  • Autosomal Dominant
  • Autosomal Recessive
  • Avascular Necrosis of Femoral head
  • Axillary Nerve
  • Azathioprine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Azithromycin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • B lymphocytes
  • BRASH syndrome
  • BRCA genes (Familial Breast Cancer)
  • Bacillary Dysentery
  • Bacillus cereus poisoning
  • Back pain
  • Backpain / Backache
  • Baclofen ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Bacteria and their Infections
  • Bacterial Vaginosis
  • Bacteroides fragilis
  • Baker's (Popliteal) Cyst
  • Balanitis (Adults)
  • Balanitis (Children)
  • Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN)
  • Balsalazide (Aminosalicylate) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Barrett's oesophagus
  • Barthel Index
  • Bartonella
  • Bartonella henselae (Cat Scratch Disease)
  • Bartters syndrome
  • Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) โœ…
  • Basic Chemistry for Medicine
  • Basic Concepts of Pregnancy
  • Basic Neuroscience
  • Basic Physics for Medicine
  • Basic Statistics
  • Basics of Endocrinology
  • Basilar artery thrombosis
  • Bayes' Theorem
  • Becker Muscular dystrophy
  • Beclometasone (Beclomethasone)
  • Beer Potomania
  • Behaviour/personality change โœ…
  • Behavioural and Psychological (BPSD) Symptoms of Dementia
  • Behavioural difficulties in Adults โœ…
  • Behavioural difficulties in childhood
  • Behcet's Syndrome
  • Bejel ( Treponema pallidum subspecies endemicum)
  • Belantamab mafodotin (Blenrep)
  • Bell's Palsy (Facial nerve palsy)
  • Bendroflumethiazide (Bendrofluazide) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Benign Breast Disease
  • Benign Eyelid Conditions
  • Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)
  • Benign Prostatic Hyperplasiaโœ…
  • Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis
  • Benzodiazepine Toxicity
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Benzylpenicillin Sodium (Penicillin G)
  • Berg Balance Scale
  • Beriplex ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Berylliosis
  • Beta Agonists ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Beta Antagonists/Blockers
  • Beta Blocker toxicityโš ๏ธ
  • Beta Thalassaemia
  • Beta-2 Microglobulin
  • Beta-lactamases
  • Betahistine (Serc) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Bezafibrate
  • Bezafibrate ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Biceps tendon rupture
  • Bilateral Pontine Infarction due to Basilar Artery Thrombosis
  • Bile salt malabsorption (BAM)
  • Biliary atresia
  • Bilirubin
  • Biochemical Lab values
  • Biochemistry and Physiology of Globins
  • Biological Agents
  • Biology A Level๐Ÿงฌ
  • Biology GCSE ๐Ÿงฌ
  • Bioterrorism
  • Birt-Hogg-Dubรฉ Syndrome
  • Bisacodyl ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Bisoprolol ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Bisphosphonates ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Bites and stings
  • Blackouts and faints (TLOC)
  • Bladder Cancer
  • Bladder Stones
  • Blank Templates
  • Bleeding Antepartum
  • Bleeding Postpartum
  • Bleeding or High INR on Warfarin or other Anticoagulation
  • Bleomycin
  • Blindness - global causes
  • Blood
  • Blood Pressure
  • Blood Transfusion Reactions
  • Blood cultures
  • Blood film interpretation
  • Blood transfusion
  • Blotting Techniques: Gel Electrophoresis
  • Body Mass Index
  • Bone Pain
  • Bone Physiology
  • Bone disease Lab results
  • Bone metabolism RANK RANKL OPG pathway
  • Bone scintigraphy (Bone scan)
  • Bordetella pertussis (Whooping cough)
  • Borrelia burgdorferi
  • Borrelia recurrentis
  • Bortezomib
  • Botulism
  • Boxer's fracture
  • Brachial neuritis (neuralgic amyotrophy)
  • Brain Abscess
  • Brain CT Collection
  • Brain Embryology
  • Brain Herniation syndromes
  • Brain MRI
  • Brain MRI Collection
  • Brain Metastases
  • Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
  • Brain Physiology
  • Brain Tumours in Children
  • Brain Tumours โœ…
  • Branchial cleft cyst
  • Breaking Bad News (OSCE)
  • Breast Cancer
  • Breast Cysts
  • Breast Lump Evaluation
  • Breast abscess and Mastitis and Fat Necrosis
  • Breast tenderness/pain
  • Breathlessness
  • Bretylium ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Broad Complex Tachycardia
  • Bromocriptine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Bronchial adenoma
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Bronchiolitis
  • Bronchoscopy
  • Brown-Sequard Spinal Cord syndrome
  • Brucella
  • Brucellosis
  • Brugada syndrome โค๏ธ
  • Bruising
  • Budd-Chiari syndrome
  • Budesonide
  • Buerger disease (Thromboangiitis obliterans)
  • Bulbar vs Pseudobulbar palsy
  • Bulimia Nervosa
  • Bullous Pemphigoid โœ…
  • Bumetanide
  • Bunions
  • Buprenorphine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Bupropion
  • Burkholderia cepacia
  • Burkitt's lymphoma
  • Burns Management Guide
  • Busulphan (Busulfan)
  • Byssinosis
  • C Programming
  • C# programming
  • C++ Programming
  • CADASIL
  • CARASIL
  • CNS fungal Infections
  • CNS infections
  • CSF Interpretation
  • CSF Rhinorrhoea
  • CT Basics for Stroke
  • CT Pulmonary angiogram (CTPA)
  • Cabergoline
  • Caesarean Section (CS)
  • Cafรฉ-au-lait spots
  • Caisson Disease Decompression sickness (The Bends)
  • Calcific Uraemic Arteriolopathy (Calciphyalxis)
  • Calcitonin
  • Calcitriol (1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Calcium Channel Blockers
  • Calcium Chloride or Gluconate
  • Calcium Physiology
  • Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition (Pseudogout)
  • Calcium Resonium
  • Calcium channel blockers toxicityโš ๏ธ
  • Calot's triangle
  • Campylobacter jejuni
  • Canaliculitis
  • Cancer Pathology
  • Cancer and Stroke
  • Cancer of Unknown Primary
  • Candesartan ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Candidiasis
  • Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS)
  • Cannabis toxicityโš ๏ธ
  • Cannonball Metastases
  • Capacity in Older Adult
  • Capecitabine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Caplacizumab ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Capnocytophaga canimorsus
  • Capnography
  • Capreomycin
  • Capsular and Pontine Warning Syndromes
  • Captopri ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Carbamazepine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae
  • Carbimazole ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Carbohydrates
  • Carbon Monoxide Toxicity
  • Carbon Tetrachloride Toxicity
  • Carbon dioxide embolism
  • Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
  • Carcinoid Heart Disease โค๏ธ
  • Carcinoid Tumour Syndrome
  • Carcinoma of the Bile Duct
  • Carcinoma of the Gallbladder
  • Cardiac Amyloid heart disease
  • Cardiac Arrest in Pregnancy
  • Cardiac Catheter ablation
  • Cardiac Crib Sheets
  • Cardiac Echocardiography: Basics and Uses
  • Cardiac Embryology
  • Cardiac MRI โค๏ธ
  • Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy (CRT) Pacemaker
  • Cardiac Syndrome X (Microvascular Angina)
  • Cardiac Troponins
  • Cardiac Troponins
  • Cardiac and Respiratory Rehabilitation
  • Cardioembolic stroke
  • Cardiogenic shock
  • Cardiological Emergencies
  • Cardiology Examination (OSCE)
  • Cardiopulmonary bypass
  • Cardiorespiratory Arrest
  • Caring for Patients with Dementia
  • Carmustine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Caroticocavernous Fistula
  • Carotid Artery Dissection
  • Carotid Body Tumour
  • Carotid Endarterectomy โœ…
  • Carotid Sinus Syncope
  • Carotid Web
  • Carotid sinus massage
  • Carpal tunnel syndrome
  • Carvedilol ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Caspases
  • Castleman's disease
  • Cataract
  • Catheter Related UTI
  • Catheter related Blood stream infection
  • Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES)
  • Caudate Nucleus
  • Causes of Chronic Hepatitis
  • Causes of Eosinophila
  • Causes of Fatigue
  • Causes of Gradual Visual Loss over weeks and months
  • Causes of Limp in Children
  • Causes of Neck Pain/Stiffness
  • Causes of Precious Puberty in Children
  • Causes of Ptosis
  • Causes of Short Stature in Children
  • Causes of Stroke
  • Causes of Tall Stature in Children
  • Causes of Tremor
  • Causes of Vertigo
  • Causes of a high Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate (ESR)
  • Causes of abnormal Vaginal bleeding
  • Causes of delayed Onset of Puberty in Children
  • Causes of high C reactive protein (CRP)
  • Cavernous angiomas (Cavernomas)
  • Cavernous sinus
  • Cavernous sinus thrombosis
  • Cefaclor ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Cefalexin
  • Cefotaxime ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Ceftazidime ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Ceftriaxone ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Cefuroxime ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Celecoxib ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Cell Adhesion Molecules
  • Cell Biology
  • Cell Cycle
  • Cell Response to Injury
  • Cellulitis and Erysipelas โœ…
  • Central Pontine Myelinolysis (Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome)
  • Central Retinal Arterial Occlusion (CRAO)
  • Central Spinal Cord Syndrome
  • Central Venous line Insertion
  • Central and Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO/BRVO)
  • Centronuclear Myopathy (CNM)
  • Cerebellar Examination (OSCE)
  • Cerebellar Haemorrhage
  • Cerebellar Ischaemic Stroke
  • Cerebral Amyloid angiopathy (CAA) โœ…
  • Cerebral Angiitis
  • Cerebral Angiography
  • Cerebral Angiography and Perfusion
  • Cerebral Arterial Perfusion and Clinical Correlates
  • Cerebral Atrophy vs Hydrocephalus
  • Cerebral Cortex
  • Cerebral Palsy & HIE
  • Cerebral Radiation Vasculopathy
  • Cerebral Salt Wasting
  • Cerebral Vasculitis
  • Cerebral Veins ๐Ÿง 
  • Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT)
  • Cerebral arteritis
  • Cerebral microbleeds
  • Cervical Cancer screening
  • Cervical Lymphadenopathy
  • Cervical Smear Results โœ…
  • Cervical Spine Immobilisation and Management
  • Cervical cancer
  • Cervical screening (HPV)
  • Cervical spondylosis
  • Cetirizine
  • Chalazion
  • Chancroid
  • Change in Bowel habit
  • Change in stool colour
  • Charcot Foot Syndrome (CFS)
  • Charcot Marie Tooth (CMT) disease
  • Chediak Higashi syndrome
  • Chemical Pathology
  • Chemistry GCSE
  • Chemosis
  • Chemotherapeutic Agents
  • Chest Abdomen anatomy
  • Chest Pain
  • Chest Pain in the Emergency Department (OSCE focused) โค๏ธ
  • Chest X Ray Collection
  • Chest X Ray Interpretation
  • Chest drain Insertion
  • Chickenpox Varicella Infection โœ…
  • Child Abuse and Safeguarding NHS
  • Child abuse
  • Childhood Vaccination in the UK
  • Childhood Vaccination in the USA
  • Chlamydia Infections
  • Chlamydia psittaci
  • Chlamydia trachomatis
  • Chlamydophila pneumoniae
  • Chlorambucil
  • Chloramphenicol ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Chlordiazepoxide
  • Chloroquine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Chlorphenamine(Chlorpheniramine) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Chlorpromazine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Cholangiocarcinoma
  • Cholera (Vibrio cholera)
  • Cholestatic Jaundice
  • Cholesteatoma
  • Cholesterol - Lipids
  • Cholesterol Embolisation Syndrome
  • Cholinergic crisis-syndrome
  • Chondrocalcinosis
  • Chorea - Ballismus
  • Choreoacanthocytosis
  • Chorioamnionitis
  • Choriocarcinoma - Malignant Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
  • Chromatin
  • Chronic Bronchitis
  • Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
  • Chronic Glaucoma
  • Chronic Granulomatous Disease
  • Chronic Inflammation
  • Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating polyneuropathy
  • Chronic Interstitial Nephritis
  • Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
  • Chronic Lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)
  • Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)
  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) โœ…
  • Chronic Pancreatitis
  • Chronic Peritonitis
  • Chronic Radiation Enteritis
  • Chronic Rash (Adult/Child)
  • Chronic Urinary Retention
  • Chronic Vision Uni-Bilateral loss (Blindness)
  • Chronic Visual Loss (OSCE focused)
  • Chronic abdominal pain
  • Chronic and recurrent Meningitis
  • Chronic joint pain/stiffness ๐Ÿฆด
  • Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
  • Chronic stable angina
  • Ciclosporin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Cimetidine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Cinacalcet
  • Ciprofloxacin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Circulatory Shock (Volume loss)
  • Cirrhosis
  • Cisatracurium
  • Cisplatin
  • Citalopram ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Cladribine
  • Clarithromycin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Cleft lip or palate
  • Clindamycin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Clinical Appearance Collections
  • Clinical History Pleuritic Chest Pain ๐Ÿฉบ
  • Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS) โ€“ First Demyelinating Event
  • Clonidine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Clopidogrel ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Clostridioides difficile Infection
  • Clostridium botulinum Infection
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • Clostridium tetani - Tetanus
  • Clotrimazole cream
  • Clotting pathways
  • Clozapine
  • Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats CRISPR
  • Co Careldopa (Sinemet)
  • Co-Beneldopa (Madopar)
  • Co-codamol
  • Co-trimoxazole (Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • CoAmoxiclav (Augmentin) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Coagulopathy
  • Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis
  • Coarctation of the Aorta โค๏ธ
  • Cobalt Cardiomyopathy
  • Cocaine Toxicity and Chest pain
  • Cocaine abuse
  • Cocaine toxicityโš ๏ธ
  • Coccidioidomycosis
  • Codeine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Coding
  • Coeliac disease
  • Cogan Syndrome
  • Colchicine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Cold Agglutinin Disease (CAD/AIHA)
  • Collagen
  • Collesโ€™ fracture of the Radius
  • Colloid cyst in the third ventricle
  • Colloids vs Crystalloids
  • Colonic (Large bowel) Obstruction
  • Colonoscopy
  • Colorectal polyps
  • Colorectal tumours
  • Colposcopy
  • Comatose Patient (OSCE focused)
  • Combined Oral contraceptive pill (COCP) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Common Chromosomal Defects
  • Common Genetic Disorders
  • Common Peroneal Nerve (CPN)
  • Common Problems in Elderly
  • Common Psychiatric Emergencies
  • Common variable immunodeficiency
  • Commotio cordis
  • Community Acquired Pneumonia ๐Ÿซ (NICE)
  • Comparing Groups
  • Compilers
  • Complement
  • Components of a Eukaryotic Gene
  • Comprehensive Clinical Microbiology Tutorial for Medical Students
  • Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA)
  • Computer Networking
  • Computer Science A Level
  • Computer Science GCSE๐Ÿ“ (J277)
  • Computer Security
  • Concurrent Programming
  • Confirming Death
  • Confusion (OSCE focused)
  • Congenital Acyanotic Heart Disease
  • Congenital Adrenal hyperplasia
  • Congenital Complete Heart Block
  • Congenital Cyanotic Heart Disease (Children)
  • Congenital Hypothyroidism
  • Congenital Talipes Equinovarus - Clubfoot
  • Congenital abnormalities
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Constipation (Adults) โœ…
  • Constipation (Children)
  • Constipation in the Elderly
  • Constrictive Pericarditis โค๏ธ
  • Contact Dermatitis
  • Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)
  • Continuous Positive Airways Pressure (CPAP)
  • Contraception request/advice
  • Conus Medullaris syndrome
  • Cor Pulmonale
  • Cord Prolapse
  • Corneal Abrasion
  • Coronary artery bypass graft surgery โœ…
  • Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) โœ…
  • Corticobasal degeneration (Dementia)
  • Corticospinal Tract
  • Corticosteroid-related psychosis ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Corticosteroids : Uses and Cautions
  • Cotard's Syndrome
  • Cough (Adult)
  • Cough (Child)
  • Cowden Syndrome / PTEN Hamartoma Tumour Syndrome
  • Cowpox (Orthopoxvirus)
  • Coxiella Burnetii Q fever
  • Cramps
  • Craniopharyngioma
  • Creatinine Clearance
  • Creutzfeldt Jakob disease
  • Cri du Chat Syndrome
  • Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
  • Critical Illness Neuromuscular Weakness (CINMW)
  • Critical care Crib Sheets
  • Crohn's disease
  • Croup
  • Crouzon Syndrome
  • Crying baby ๐Ÿ‘ถ
  • Cryoprecipitate
  • Cryptococcus neoformans infections (Cryptococcal Infections)
  • Cryptogenic Organising Pneumonia (COP-BOOP)
  • Cryptogenic stroke
  • Cryptography
  • Cryptosporidiosis โœ…
  • Crystal arthropathy
  • Cushing disease
  • Cushing syndrome
  • Cushing's Syndrome due to Ectopic ACTH
  • Cutaneous Warts
  • Cutaneous fungal infections
  • Cyanide toxicityโš ๏ธ
  • Cyanosis โค๏ธ
  • Cyclical Vomiting Syndrome
  • Cyclizine
  • Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzymes
  • Cyclophosphamide
  • Cycloserine
  • Cys leukotriene receptor antagonists ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Cystic Fibrosis
  • Cystinosis
  • Cystinuria
  • Cystitis and Urethritis (UTI)
  • Cystoscopy
  • Cytokine Physiology
  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Retinitis โœ…
  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections
  • D Dimer
  • D-lactic acidosis or D-lactate encephalopathy
  • DNA and RNA
  • DNA replication
  • DNACPR in the Older Person
  • Dabigatran ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Dalteparin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Dandy Walker syndrome
  • Dantrolene ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Dapagliflozin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Darierโ€™s disease (Keratosis Follicularis)
  • Darunavir ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Data Security and Protection
  • Data Structures
  • Data security awareness
  • Database Management
  • DeQuervain's thyroiditis
  • Death Certificates and Cremation UK
  • Death and dying
  • Decision Making by Clinicians
  • Decompressive Hemicraniectomy
  • Decreased appetite
  • Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) โœ…
  • Deep brain stimulation
  • Dehydration (Child)
  • Dehydration Adult
  • Delusions
  • Demeclocycline ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Dementia with Lewy bodies
  • Dementias
  • Demyelinating Diseases
  • Dengue Fever
  • Denosumab (Prolia) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Dental Caries
  • Dentatorubral Pallidoluysian Atrophy (DRPLA)
  • Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards (DoLS) โœ…
  • Dermatitis Herpetiformis
  • Dermatology Emergencies
  • Dermatology terms
  • Dermatomes
  • Dermatomyositis
  • Dermoid cysts
  • Desferrioxamine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Desmopressin (DDAVP) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Desogestrel (Progestogen Only Pill) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Developmental Delay & Abnormal Development in Children
  • Developmental Dislocation (Dysplasia) of the Hip (DDH)
  • Dexamethasone
  • DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome)
  • Diabetes Crib Sheets
  • Diabetes Insipidus (AVP Deficiency)
  • Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
  • Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 and DKA (children)
  • Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 โœ…
  • Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy
  • Diabetes Variable Rate Insulin Infusion
  • Diabetes and Hypertension
  • Diabetes and Pregnancy
  • Diabetes in Children
  • Diabetes: (Autonomic) Neuropathy (DAN)
  • Diabetes: Criteria US and UK
  • Diabetes: Eye Disease
  • Diabetes: Foot Problems
  • Diabetes:Complications
  • Diabetic Amyotrophy
  • Diabetic Eye Disease
  • Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Adults
  • Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Children
  • Diabetic nephropathy
  • Diabetic neuropathy
  • Diamond-Blackfan anaemia
  • Diamorphine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Diaphragmatic disorders
  • Diarrhoea (Children)
  • Diazepam ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Didanosine (ddI) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Diethylstilbestrol
  • Dieulafoy Lesion
  • Different Forms of Medical Trials and Studies
  • Differential Diagnosis of Malar Rash
  • Differentials of ABC
  • Differentials of Painful thigh
  • Differentiation syndrome
  • Difficulty Swallowing (Dysphagia)
  • Difficulty with breastfeeding
  • Diffuse Alveolar Haemorrhage (DAH)
  • Diffuse Oesophageal spasm
  • Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease (DPLD) or Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)
  • Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
  • Diffusion Capacity
  • Digoxin Toxicityโš ๏ธ
  • Digoxin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Digoxin-specific antibody
  • Dihydrocodeine
  • Dilated Cardiomyopathy โค๏ธ
  • Diltiazem ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)
  • Diplopia (Double Vision)
  • Dipyridamole ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Discharges against advice
  • Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)
  • Disease prevention/screening
  • Diseases with associated cancers
  • Dislocation Sternoclaivcular joint
  • Disopyramide ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
  • Distal Humerus Fracture
  • Distal Radius Fracture
  • Distributive Shock (Reduced SVR vasodilated)
  • Disulfiram (Antabuse) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Diuretics
  • Diverticular disease and Acute Diverticulitis โœ…
  • Diving Physiology
  • Dizziness
  • Dobutamine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Dog Bites
  • Domestic Violence and Safeguarding NHS
  • Domperidone ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Donepezil (Aricept) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Donovanosis
  • Dopamine Hydrochloride ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Dopamine agonists ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Dornase Alpha
  • Dosing Gentamicin
  • Downs syndrome
  • Doxapram ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Doxazosin (Cardura)
  • Doxepin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)
  • Doxycycline ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Driving Advice
  • Drowning
  • Drug Induced Parkinson disease
  • Drug Metabolism
  • Drug Overdose Adults
  • Drug Reaction Eosinophilia Systemic Symptoms (DRESS syndrome)
  • Drug Toxicity Assessment and Management โš ๏ธ
  • Drug induced Lupus Erythematosus
  • Drug induced liver disease
  • Drug overdose children (NICE compliant)
  • Drugs
  • Drugs to Avoid in Acute Renal failure
  • Drugs to avoid Elderly
  • Drugs to avoid in Liver failure
  • Dry and Wet and Gas Gangrene
  • Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
  • Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  • Dulaglutide GLP-1 agonist ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Duloxetine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Duodenal Atresia (Children)
  • Dupuytrens contracture
  • Dural Arteriovenous Malformations
  • Dysmorphic child
  • Dyspepsia (OSCE focused)
  • Dysphagia / Swallowing Problems
  • ECG - Acute Coronary Syndrome โค๏ธ
  • ECG - Artefact
  • ECG - Asystole and P wave Asystole
  • ECG - Bundle Branch Blocks
  • ECG - Calculate the electrical axis
  • ECG - Causes of a Dominant R wave in V1 โค๏ธ
  • ECG - Collection A
  • ECG - Collection B
  • ECG - Heart Block
  • ECG - Hyperkalaemia โค๏ธ
  • ECG - Left Axis Deviation
  • ECG - Left Bundle Branch Block LBBB
  • ECG - Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
  • ECG - Low Voltage Complexes
  • ECG - NSTEMI
  • ECG - Normal 12 Lead
  • ECG - P wave
  • ECG - Pathological Q waves
  • ECG - Potential Errors
  • ECG - QT interval โค๏ธ
  • ECG - Right Axis Deviation
  • ECG - Right Bundle Branch Block RBBB
  • ECG - Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
  • ECG - ST segment changes
  • ECG - ST-T T waves changes
  • ECG - STEMI
  • ECG - Sinoatrial block โค๏ธ
  • ECG - Sinus Bradycardia
  • ECG - The QRS complex
  • ECG - short PR interval
  • ECG Analysis
  • ECG Reading & Interpretation MLA and Exams ๐Ÿซ€
  • ECG/EKG Crib sheets
  • EEG (Electroencephalogram)
  • ENT emergencies
  • ENT infections
  • Ear Pain (Otalgia)
  • Ear and Nasal Discharge
  • Eating Disorders
  • Ebola Virus Disease
  • Ebstein anomaly โค๏ธ
  • Echinocytes
  • Ecstasy toxicityโš ๏ธ
  • Ectopia lentis (subluxation of the lens)
  • Ectopic Pregnancy
  • Ectropion
  • Eculizumab
  • Eczema/Dermatitis
  • Edoxaban (Lixiana)
  • Edward syndrome (trisomy 18 syndrome)
  • Efavirenz (Sustiva) EFV ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Ehlers-Danlos syndromes
  • Ehrlichiosis
  • Eikenella corrodens
  • Eisenmenger's syndrome โค๏ธ
  • Elation/elated mood
  • Elbow Dislocation
  • Elder Abuse and Safeguarding
  • Electrical Storm (Recurrent VT/VF)
  • Electrical injury
  • Electrolyte Abnormalities
  • Electron Transport Chain
  • Embryology of Blood and Immune System
  • Embryology of Limb Development
  • Embryology of Nervous system
  • Embryology of Organ Development
  • Emergency Drugs Collection
  • Emphysema
  • Empty sella syndrome
  • Emtricitabine (Emtriva) FTC ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Enalapril ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Encephalocoele
  • Encopresis in Children
  • End of Life Care Prescribing
  • Endocrine Emergencies
  • Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer
  • Endometriosis
  • Endophthalmitis
  • Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
  • Endothelins
  • Enfuvirtide ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Enoxaparin Sodium (Clexane-Lovenox) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Enoximone ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Entacapone
  • Enterococci
  • Enteropathic Spondyloarthritis
  • Entropion
  • Enuresis/Bedwetting in Children
  • Enzyme inducers and inhibitors
  • Enzymes in Humans
  • Eosinophilic Oesophagitis
  • Eosinophilic granulomatosis (Churg Strauss)
  • Ependymoma
  • Epididymitis and Orchitis (Children) (NICE Compliant)
  • Epididymitis and Orchitis in Adults
  • Epidural Haematoma
  • Epidural Spinal abscess
  • Epilepsy
  • Epilepsy - Diagnosis
  • Epilepsy - Idiopathic Generalised Epilepsy
  • Epilepsy in Pregnancy
  • Episcleritis
  • Epistaxis
  • Eplerenone
  • Eponymous brainstem strokes
  • Epstein-Barr Virus infection
  • Equality Diversity and Human Rights
  • Equality Diversity and Inclusion
  • Erb Palsy
  • Erectile dysfunction
  • Ergocalciferol (Calciferol) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Erlotinib (Tarceva) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Erysipelas
  • Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
  • Erythema Gyratum Repens
  • Erythema Multiforme
  • Erythema Nodosum
  • Erythema ab Igne
  • Erythrodermic Psoriasis
  • Erythromycin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Escherichia coli (E. coli)
  • Escitalopram ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Esomeprazole
  • Essential Hypertension (NICE)
  • Essential Thrombocythaemia (ET)
  • Essential Tremor
  • Etanercept ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Ethambutol ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Ethanol toxicityโš ๏ธ
  • Ethanol ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Ethylene glycol toxicity
  • Etomidate
  • Etravirine (intelence) ETR ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Euglycaemic Ketoacidosis (euDKA) with SGLT2 Inhibitors
  • Ewing sarcoma
  • Exenatide (Byetta) GLP1 agonist ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Exercise stress test
  • Exploding head syndrome
  • Extradural haemorrhage
  • Extramedullary plasmacytoma
  • Extrapyramidal symptoms
  • Extrinsic Allergic alveolitis (Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis)
  • Eye Collection
  • Eye Trauma
  • Eye infections
  • Eye pain/discomfort
  • Ezetimibe ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Fabry disease
  • Facial Nerve (VII Cranial nerve)
  • Facial and Periorbital Swelling
  • Facial pain
  • Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
  • Factor V Leiden Deficiency
  • Faecal Calprotectin
  • Faecal Incontinence
  • Failure to thrive or Faltering growth
  • Falls
  • Familial Adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
  • Familial Hyperlipidaemias
  • Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) โœ…
  • Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH)
  • Familial/Hereditary Amyloidosis
  • Family Tree (Pedigree)
  • Family history of possible genetic disorder
  • Famotidine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Famous Medical Triads
  • Fanconi Anaemia
  • Fanconi Syndrome
  • Farmer's lung
  • Fasciculation
  • Fast Atrial Fibrillation and Rate Control
  • Fat Metabolism
  • Fat embolism
  • Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI)
  • Fatty acids
  • Febrile convulsion
  • Felodipine (Dihydropyridine)
  • Femoral Hernia
  • Femoral Vein Cannulation
  • Femoral nerve
  • Fentanyl - Fentanil
  • Ferritin
  • Ferrous Fumarate - Gluconate - Sulphate ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Fertilisation and Formation of Zygote
  • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
  • Fetal-type Posterior cerebral artery (FTP)
  • Fever - all ages
  • Fever in IV Drug User (PUO)
  • Fever in a traveller
  • Fever/Pyrexia of unknown origin (FUO PUO)
  • Fibrinogen
  • Fibromuscular Dysplasia
  • Fibromyalgia โœ…
  • Fibrotic Lung Disease
  • Fidaxomicin
  • Fifth Disease (Erythrovirus B19 infection)
  • Finasteride (5 alpha-reductase inhibitor) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Fire Safety for NHS Professionals
  • First Seizure
  • First Seizure (OSCE focused)
  • Fissure in Ano
  • Fistulo in Ano
  • Fit Notes in General Practice (UK)
  • Fits/seizures and Epilepsy (Children)
  • Fitz-Hugh Curtis Syndrome
  • Fixed Abnormal Beliefs (Delusions)
  • Flashes and Floaters in the Visual Field
  • Flecainide Acetate ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Flexor sheath infection (flexor tenosynovitis)
  • Flow Cytometry
  • Flucloxacillin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Fluconazole ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Flucytosine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Fludrocortisone
  • Fluid balance status and management
  • Flumazenil (Annexate - Romazicon) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Fluoxetine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Focal Cortical Dysplasia (FCD)
  • Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
  • Foix-Alajouanine syndrome
  • Folate (Folic) acid (B9) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Folate deficiency (B9)
  • Folinic acid (Leucovorin) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Follicular lymphoma
  • Folliculitis
  • Fomepizole ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Fondaparinux ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Food Intolerance in Children
  • Food borne disease
  • Foot Drop
  • Forearm Fractures
  • Foreign Body in Eye
  • Foscarnet Sodium ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Fosfomycin
  • Foslevodopa / Foscarbidopa
  • Fosphenytoin
  • Foster Kennedy Syndrome
  • Fourniers gangrene
  • Fractured Clavicle
  • Fractured Neck of Femur/Femoral Neck
  • Fractured Pubic Ramus
  • Fractured Scapula
  • Fractured Shaft Femur
  • Fractured Tibia and Fibula
  • Fractures in Children
  • Fractures of Neck and Shaft of Upper humerus
  • Fragile X syndrome
  • Frailty an Overview
  • Fraser guidelines and Gillick Competence
  • Free Radicals
  • Fresh Frozen Plasma
  • Friedreichs Ataxia
  • Frontotemporal dementia
  • Full or Complete Blood Count (FBC CBC)
  • Functional organization of a eukaryotic gene
  • Fungi and their infections
  • Furosemide (Frusemide)
  • Fusidic acid ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Fusobacteria - Tropical ulcer
  • Fusobacterium
  • G protein-coupled receptors
  • GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
  • Gabapentin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Galactorrhoea
  • Galantamine
  • Gallstone ileus
  • Gallstones and biliary colic
  • Gamete intra-fallopian tube transfer (GIFT)
  • Gametogenesis
  • Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)
  • Gamma hydroxy butyrate (GHB) toxicityโš ๏ธ
  • Ganciclovir - Valganciclovir ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Ganglion Cysts
  • Gardner's syndrome
  • Gardnerella vaginalis
  • Gas Gangrene (Clostridial Myonecrosis)
  • Gastric (MALT) Lymphoma
  • Gastric Cancer
  • Gastric Outlet obstruction (pyloric stenosis) in Adults โœ…
  • Gastrinoma
  • Gastro Intestinal Stromal Tumours (GIST)
  • Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux (GORD/GERD) โœ…
  • Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux (Paediatrics GORD)
  • Gastro-oesophageal reflux in Children
  • Gastroenteritis in Adults โœ…
  • Gastroenteritis in Children
  • Gastroenterology Examination
  • Gastroenterology Examination (OSCE)
  • Gastrointestinal Emergencies
  • Gastrostomy (PEG) tube managment
  • Gaucher's disease
  • Gene components
  • General Anaesthesia (GA) ๐Ÿ’ค
  • General Basic Fracture management
  • Genetic Diseases
  • Genetic Linkage
  • Genetic Mutations
  • Genital Ulcers
  • Genital Warts (HPV)
  • Gentamicin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Geriatric Medicine Emergencies
  • Geriatric Medicine Syllabus (For Resident Doctors in Training)
  • Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome (GSS)
  • Giardiasis
  • Gilbert's syndrome
  • Gingival (Gum) hyperplasia or hypertrophy
  • Gitelman's syndrome
  • Glasgow Coma scale
  • Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Glibenclamide ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Gliclazide
  • Glimepiride
  • Glioblastoma
  • Glipizide
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Glossitis
  • Glossopharyngeal Nerve (Cranial Nerve IX)
  • Glucagon ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Glucagonoma
  • Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
  • Glucose Metabolism
  • Glucose Tolerance Test
  • Glutamate
  • Glycated Haemoglobin HbA1c
  • Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Glycogen storage diseases
  • Glycolysis Krebs Electron Transport Chain
  • Glycopyrronium Bromide
  • Goitre โœ…
  • Golfer's Elbow (Medial Epicondylitis)
  • Golimumab (Simponi) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Gonorrhoea
  • Goodpasture's syndrome (Anti GBM disease)
  • Goserelin (Zoladex) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Government Benefits Available to People with Disabilities UK
  • Gradenigo's syndrome
  • Grades of Recommendation
  • Gradual change in or loss of vision
  • Gram Stain
  • Granuloma annulare
  • Granulomas
  • Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis GPA (Wegeners)โœ…
  • Graves Disease (Thyrotoxicosis) โœ…
  • Griseofulvin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Growth Hormone Deficiency โœ…
  • Guillain Barre Syndrome
  • Gum hypertrophy
  • Gynaecological Examination (OSCE)
  • Gynaecological History Taking
  • Gynaecological emergencies
  • Gynaecomastia โœ…
  • HAS-BLED score
  • HIV and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
  • HIV and Pre-exposure prophylaxis
  • HIV associated nephropathy (HIVAN)
  • HIV disease New Diagnosis
  • HTLV-1 Associated myelopathy (Tropical Spastic Paraparesis)
  • Haematemesis
  • Haematology Emergencies
  • Haematology Laboratory Values
  • Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (Previously Bone Marrow Transplantation)
  • Haematospermia
  • Haematuria
  • Haemoglobinopathies
  • Haemoglobins
  • Haemolytic Anaemia
  • Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome (HUS)
  • Haemolytic disease of the newborn
  • Haemophilia
  • Haemophilia A ๐Ÿฉธ
  • Haemophilia B ๐Ÿฉธ
  • Haemophilus aegyptius
  • Haemophilus ducreyi
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Haemophilus parainfluenzae
  • Haemopoiesis
  • Haemoptysis
  • Haemorrhagic Transformation of Infarction
  • Haemorrhagic stroke
  • Haemorrhoids (Piles)
  • Hairy Cell Leukaemia
  • Hairy Leukoplakia
  • Hallervorden-Spatz disease (PKAN)
  • Haloperidol
  • Hamman-Rich syndrome
  • Hand foot and mouth disease
  • Hand fractures and Injuries
  • Hantavirus infections
  • Haptoglobins
  • Hartmann's procedure
  • Hartmanns solution (Ringers lactate) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Hartnup disease
  • Hashimoto's thyroiditis
  • Head Impulse Test
  • Head Injury and Traumatic Brain Head Injury (TBI)
  • Head Lice
  • Head and Neck Cancers
  • Headache - Basilar Migraine
  • Headache - Cluster
  • Headache - Medication Overuse Headache โœ…
  • Headaches
  • Health Issues In Pregnancy
  • Health Safety and Manual Handling
  • Hearing Loss
  • Hearing aids
  • Heart Block
  • Heart Failure with preserved and reduced EF โœ…
  • Heart Murmurs
  • Heart and Fetal circulation
  • Heat Stroke
  • Helicobacter pylori
  • Helvetica Spotted fever
  • Heme Synthesis, Biochemistry, and Physiology
  • Henoch-Schonlein purpura
  • Heparin - General ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Heparin - Low Molecular Weight Heparin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Heparin - Unfractionated Heparin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) ๐Ÿฉธ
  • Hepatic Encephalopathy
  • Hepatitis (D) Delta Virus
  • Hepatitis A
  • Hepatitis B
  • Hepatitis C
  • Hepatitis E
  • Hepatocellular Carcinoma
  • Hepatology Emergencies
  • Hepatorenal syndromes
  • Hereditary Angio-Oedema
  • Hereditary Elliptocytosis ๐Ÿฉธ
  • Hereditary Haemochromatosis
  • Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) ๐Ÿฉธ
  • Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis
  • Hereditary Spherocytosis (HS) ๐Ÿฉธ
  • Hereditary neuropathy with pressure palsies
  • Hereditary non polyposis coli (Lynch syndrome)
  • Hernias
  • Hernias (Children)
  • Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (HSV)
  • Herpes Simplex Virus
  • Herpes Varicella-Zoster (Shingles) Infection
  • Herpes Virus 6 and 7
  • Herpes Viruses
  • Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO) Shingles
  • Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK)
  • Herpetic Whitlow
  • Heterochromia Iridium
  • Heyde syndrome
  • Hiatus hernia
  • Hiccups (Singultus)
  • Hidradenitis suppurativa (Acne Inversa)
  • Hierarchy of Evidence-Based Trials
  • High Altitude Physiology
  • High Dose Insulin Euglycaemic Therapy (HIET)
  • High Output Stoma
  • Hip Pain (OSCE focused)
  • Hip pain in children
  • Hirschsprung disease (congenital megacolon)
  • Hirsuitism
  • Histones
  • Histoplasmosis
  • Hoarseness and voice change
  • Hodgkin Lymphoma
  • Hodgkins and Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma:
  • Holt-Oram syndrome
  • Holter monitor (tape) 24-72 h
  • Homocystinuria
  • Hookworm
  • Horner's syndrome
  • Horseshoe Kidney
  • Hospital acquired Pneumonia HAP โœ…
  • Hospital-acquired infections
  • How does a CPU work
  • How to Read and Analyze a Medical Paper
  • Human Herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A)
  • Human Leukocyte Antigen and its Role in Disease Associations
  • Human Metabolism
  • Human albumin solution (HAS)
  • Human papilloma virus infection
  • Human prion diseases
  • Humeral Fractures โœ…
  • Hunter's syndrome (MPS-2)
  • Huntingtons Disease/Chorea
  • Hurler's syndrome (MPS-1)
  • Hydatid disease (Echinococcus)
  • Hydatidiform mole
  • Hydralazine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Hydrocephalus and Stroke
  • Hydrocortisone
  • Hydrogen Bonds
  • Hydrogen and other Bonds
  • Hydrops fetalis
  • Hydroxocobalamin - Cyanocobalamin (B12) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Hydroxocobalamin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Hydroxychloroquine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Hydroxyurea (Hydroxycarbamide)
  • Hyoscine (Buscopan) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Hyper IgM syndrome
  • Hyperacute Stroke Care Pathway
  • Hyperbaric Oxygen therapy
  • Hypercalcaemia of Malignancy
  • Hypercalcaemia โœ…
  • Hypercholesterolaemia
  • Hyperemesis Gravidarum
  • Hyperglycaemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS) โœ…
  • Hyperinsulinaemic-euglycemic therapy (HIET)
  • Hyperkalaemia
  • Hyperkalaemic and Hypokalaemic Periodic Paralysis
  • Hyperlipidaemia
  • Hypermagnesaemia
  • Hypernatraemia
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Hyperphosphataemia (High phosphate)
  • Hyperprolactinaemia
  • Hypertension in Children
  • Hypertension in Pregnancy
  • Hyperthermia and Hypothermia
  • Hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG)
  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM - HOCM) โค๏ธ
  • Hyperuricaemia
  • Hyperventilation Syndrome
  • Hyperviscosity syndrome
  • Hyphaema (US Hyphema)
  • Hypocalcaemia
  • Hypoglossal Nerve (Cranial Nerve XII)
  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Hypogonadism
  • Hypogonadism (Female)
  • Hypokalaemia
  • Hypokalaemic Periodic Paralysis
  • Hypomagnesaemia
  • Hyponatraemia
  • Hypophosphataemia (Low phosphate)
  • Hypopituitarism (Pituitary Failure)
  • Hypospadias
  • Hypothermia
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Hypoxia - Reacting to Low Oxygen Saturations
  • Hypoxic-Ischaemic Encephalopathy
  • ICH Classification and Severity Scores
  • IL-12 receptor deficiency
  • IV Immunoglobulin (IVIG) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Ibandronic acid (Bisphosphonate) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Ibuprofen ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Icatibant
  • Idarucizumab (Praxbind) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Idiopathic Arthritis in Adults
  • Idiopathic Fascicular Left Ventricular Tachycardia
  • Idiopathic Intracranial hypertension โœ…
  • Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
  • Idiopathic Ventricular Tachycardia (IVT)
  • IgA Nephropathy (Berger's disease)
  • Ileostomy vs Colostomy
  • Iliopsoas Abscess
  • Images - Spot diagnoses
  • Imaging for the MLA#1
  • Imaging for the MLA#2
  • Imatinib mesylate
  • Imipenem (Primaxin) with Cilastin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Immediate management and assessment of the newborn
  • Immobility
  • Immune Reconstitution Syndrome
  • Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) ๐Ÿฉธ
  • Immune response
  • Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy
  • Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD)
  • Immunoglobulins and their role in Immunity
  • Impetigo
  • Important Metabolic Pathways
  • Impulse control disorders
  • In Situ Thrombosis ๐Ÿฉธ
  • Incidental Findings (Incidentalomas)
  • Inclusion Body Myositis
  • Incubation periods
  • Indapamide ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Index of Makindo
  • Indications for Irradiated Blood Products
  • Indinavir (IND)
  • Infant feeding issues
  • Infantile Spasms (West Syndrome)
  • Infection Associated Cancers
  • Infection Prevention Control for NHS Staff
  • Infection Prevention Control for NHS Staff
  • Infection screening in Septic patient
  • Infectious Colitis
  • Infectious Diarrhoea (OSCE focused)
  • Infectious Mononucleosis (EBV Most Often)
  • Infective Endocarditis
  • Infective Keratitis
  • Inferior Vena Cava Filter
  • Infertility & Subfertility
  • Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  • Inflammatory eye disease
  • Infliximab ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Influenza
  • Information Governance for NHS Staff
  • Inguinal Hernia
  • Inhaled Levodopa (Inbrijaยฎ)
  • Initial Assessment of Malaria in Children
  • Injury Severity Score (ISS)
  • Insomnia - unable to sleep issues
  • Insulin Degludec (Tresiba)
  • Insulin Detemir (Levemir)
  • Insulin Glargine (Lantus, Abasaglar, Semglee, Toujeo)
  • Insulin Physiology
  • Insulin Pumps
  • Insulinoma
  • Interferon Beta ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Intermittent Claudication
  • Internal Capsule
  • Internal Jugular vein Cannulation
  • Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
  • Interstitial Keratitis
  • Interstitial Lung Disease
  • Intestinal Ischaemia
  • Intestinal obstruction (Children)
  • Intestinal obstruction and Ileus
  • Intra Aortic Balloon Pump
  • Intraabdominal abscess
  • Intrauterine death โœ…
  • Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL)
  • Intravenous Iron Replacement
  • Intraventricular haemorrhage (neonates)
  • Introduction to Anaesthetics ๐Ÿ’ค
  • Introduction to Cardiology
  • Introduction to Hormones
  • Introduction to Obstetrics and Gynaecology
  • Introduction to Psychiatry
  • Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation
  • Intussusception in Adults
  • Intussusception in Children
  • Investigations
  • Iodine Physiology
  • Iodine deficiency Goitre
  • Ipratropium Bromide (Atrovent) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Irbesartan ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Iritis (Anterior Uveitis)
  • Iron Salts ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Iron Studies
  • Iron Studies
  • Iron deficiency Anaemia ๐Ÿฉธ
  • Iron toxicityโš ๏ธ
  • Irritable bowel syndrome
  • Ischaemic Colitis
  • Ischaemic Stroke
  • Ischaemic Strokes in the Pons
  • Ischaemic heart disease
  • Isoniazid ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Isoprenaline ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Isosorbide Dinitrate ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Isosorbide mononitrate ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Isotretinoin (Accutane) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Ispaghula Husk (Fybogel) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Ivabradine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Jansen Disease
  • Janus kinase 2
  • Jaundice
  • Java Programming
  • Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
  • Job Syndrome (Hyper IgE syndrome)
  • Jugular Venous pressure
  • Junctional Tachycardia
  • Juvenile Dermatomyositis
  • Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (Stills Disease)
  • Juvenile Myoclonic epilepsy (JME)
  • Kallmanns syndrome
  • Kaposi sarcoma (KS)
  • Karnofsky performance status scale
  • Kawasaki disease
  • Keloids
  • Kennedy Syndrome (Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy (SBMA))
  • Keratoacanthoma
  • Keratoconus
  • Kernicterus
  • Ketamine
  • Ketoconazole ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Ketones
  • Klebsiella pneumonia
  • Klinefelter Syndrome
  • Klumpke palsy
  • Knee Joint Structure and Form
  • Koebner phenomenon
  • Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome (Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type III)
  • Kuru
  • Kwashiorkor
  • L-Thyroxine (T4) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Labetalol (Trandate) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Labour and Complications
  • Labyrinthitis and Vestibular Neuronitis
  • Lac operon
  • Lacerations
  • Lacerations
  • Lactate
  • Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
  • Lactic acidosis
  • Lactobacillus acidophilus
  • Lactose Intolerance
  • Lactulose ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Lacunar Stroke Syndromes
  • Lady Windermere syndrome
  • Lambert-Eaton syndrome (LEMS)
  • Lamivudine (3TC) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Lamotrigine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH)
  • Language and Dysphasia
  • Lansoprazole ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Lanthanum
  • Large for Gestational Age (LGA)
  • Larva Currens (Strongyloides stercoralis)
  • Lassa haemorrhagic fever (LHF)
  • Lateral Medullary Syndrome
  • Law and Mental Health (UK)
  • Law and Mental Health (USA)
  • Laxatives
  • Le Fort Fractures
  • Lead toxicity
  • Learning (Intellectual) disability
  • Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)
  • Lecanemab (Leqembi)
  • Leflunomide (Arava) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Left Ventricular Outflow Tract (LVOT) Tachycardia
  • Legal definition of Blindness
  • Legionella Pneumophila
  • Leishmaniasis (Cutanenous and Visceral)
  • Lemierre's syndrome
  • Lenalidomide (Revlimid)
  • Length Dependent Polyneuropathy
  • Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
  • Lenticulostriate branch occlusion
  • Leprosy (Hansenโ€™s disease)
  • Leptin
  • Leptomeningeal Metastases
  • Leptospira interrogans
  • Leptospirosis (Weil's Disease) (Notifiable)
  • Leriche syndrome (aortoiliac occlusive disease)
  • Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
  • Leukaemia
  • Leukoariosis
  • Leukocoria (White Pupillary Reflex) ๐Ÿ‘๏ธ
  • Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase
  • Leukocytoclastic vasculitis
  • Leukotrienes
  • Levetiracetam (Keppra) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Levobupivacaine
  • Levodopa ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Levomepromazine
  • Levosimendan ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Lhermitte Duclos Disease
  • Li Fraumeni syndrome
  • Lichen Planus โœ…
  • Liddle's syndrome
  • Lidocaine(Lignocaine) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Lightning strike
  • Limb Weakness
  • Limb girdle dystrophy
  • Limbic Encephalitis
  • Linagliptin (Trajenta)
  • Linezolid
  • Liothyronine Sodium L-Triiodothyronine (T3) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Lipid emulsion therapy - Intralipid ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Lipoatrophy
  • Lipoprotein lipase deficiency
  • Liraglutide (Victoza) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Lisinopril ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Listerial Meningitis
  • Listeriosis
  • Lithium toxicityโš ๏ธ
  • Lithium ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Livedo Reticularis โœ…
  • Liver Biopsy
  • Liver Examination (OSCE)
  • Liver Transplantation
  • Liver abscess
  • Liver disease in Pregnancy
  • Local Anaesthetics for Suturing or other Procedures
  • Localisation of cortical function
  • Locked in Syndrome
  • Lofepramine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Loffler's syndrome (Pulmonary Eosinophilia)
  • Loin Pain
  • Long COVID
  • Long QT syndrome (LQTS) Congenital
  • Long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
  • Long term Oxygen therapy (LTOT)
  • Loop diuretics ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Loperamide ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Lopinavir ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Loratadine
  • Lorazepam ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Losartan ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Loss of Libido
  • Loss of red reflex
  • Louse-Borne vs Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever
  • Louse-borne relapsing fever
  • Low CSF pressure Headache
  • Low mood/affective/depression problems
  • Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
  • Lower Limb Fractures
  • Lower Limb Fractures and Injuries
  • Lower Limb Neurology (OSCE)
  • Lower Limb Soft Tissue Injuries
  • Lower respiratory tract infection (Child)
  • Lown Ganong Levine Syndrome (LGL) AVRT
  • Lugol iodine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Lumbar and Sacrum anatomy and function
  • Lumbar puncture
  • Lumbrosacral Radiculopathy
  • Lump in Groin
  • Lung Abscess
  • Lung Cancer
  • Lung Empyema
  • Lung Transplant
  • Lupus Nephritis
  • Lupus Vulgaris
  • Lyme disease
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Lymphocytes
  • Lymphocytic Hypophysitis
  • Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)
  • Lymphoproliferative Disorders
  • Lyonization (X-Inactivation)
  • Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) Toxicity
  • Lysosomal storage diseases
  • MELAS
  • MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
  • Macrocytic anaemia ๐Ÿฉธ
  • Macroglossia
  • Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS)
  • Magnesium Physiology
  • Magnesium Sulphate - Sulfate
  • Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography
  • Magnetic resonance imaging
  • Major Disaster Plan
  • Major Histocompatibility complex
  • Malabsorption - small intestine
  • Malaria
  • Malaria Falciparum (Includes Cerebral Malaria)
  • Male Urethral Catheterisation
  • Malignant Ascites
  • Malignant Breast Disease
  • Malignant Hyperparathyroidism due to PTHrP
  • Malignant Hyperpyrexia (Malignant Hyperthermia)
  • Malignant Hypertension
  • Malignant MCA syndrome โœ…
  • Malignant Melanoma โœ…
  • Malignant pleural mesothelioma
  • Mallet Finger
  • Mallory-Weiss Tear
  • Malnutrition Adults and the Elderly
  • Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool
  • Malnutrition universal screening tool (MUST)
  • Management of Bites
  • Mania
  • Mannitol
  • Mantle cell lymphoma
  • Marantic Endocarditis
  • Marasmus
  • Maraviroc (Celsentri) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Marburg virus disease
  • Marchiafava Bignami syndrome
  • Marfan syndrome
  • Marginal Keratitis
  • Marginal Zone Lymphoma
  • Mask-Related Acne (Maskne)
  • Massive Haemorrhage and Massive Transfusion Protocol (MTP)
  • Mastoiditis
  • Maths and Physics Crib Sheets
  • Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)
  • McArdles disease (type V)
  • McCune Albright syndrome
  • Measles (notifiable)
  • Mebeverine
  • Mechanical Thrombectomy for Ischaemic Stroke
  • Meckel diverticulum โœ…
  • Meconium
  • Median Nerve
  • Medical Licensing Assessment Content Map (GMC)
  • Medical Tweetorial Links
  • Medical conditions affecting the Teeth
  • Medullary Sponge kidney
  • Medulloblastoma
  • Mefenamic acid
  • Mefloquine (Larium)
  • Megaloblastic anaemia ๐Ÿฉธ
  • Melaena
  • Melatonin
  • Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)
  • Memantine Hydrochloride ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Membranous Glomerulonephritis
  • Memory Loss
  • Menetrier disease
  • Menieres disease
  • Meningioma
  • Menkes Disease
  • Menopause and Menopausal Problems ๐ŸŒธ โœ…
  • Menstrual cycle
  • Menstrual problems
  • Mental Capacity Act 2005
  • Mental Health Act 1983
  • Mental capacity concerns
  • Mental health problems in pregnancy or postpartum ๐Ÿคฐ
  • Mercaptopurine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Meropenem ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Mesalazine (Aminosalicylate) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Mesangiocapillary Glomerulonephritis
  • Mesenteric Ischaemia
  • Mesenteric adenitis
  • Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy
  • Metabolic Syndrome X
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Metabolic alkalosis
  • Metachromic leukodystrophy
  • Metastatic Adenocarcinoma
  • Metastatic Calcification
  • Metastatic bone disease
  • Metastatic disease
  • Metformin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Methaemoglobinaemia
  • Methanol Toxicity
  • Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (NICE)
  • Methodone
  • Methods to reduce toxin absorption
  • Methotrexate ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Methylcellulose ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Methylprednisolone
  • Methylthioninium chloride (Methylene blue)
  • Metoclopramide ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Metolazone ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Metoprolol ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Metronidazole (Flagyl) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Metyrapone (Metopirone) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Miconazole
  • Microangiopathic Haemolytic anaemia
  • Microbiology and Assessment of Streptococcus
  • Microcytic anaemia ๐Ÿฉธ
  • Microscopic Polyangiitisโœ…
  • Microscopic colitis
  • Microstomia
  • Microtubules
  • Midazolam
  • Middle East Resp Syndrome (MERS) Coronavirus
  • Midodrine
  • Mifepristone
  • Migraine
  • Miliary (Disseminated) Tuberculosis
  • Miller-Fisher syndrome
  • Milrinone
  • Milwaukee shoulder syndrome
  • Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)
  • Minimal Change Disease Glomerulonephritis
  • Minocycline ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Minoxidil
  • Mirabegron ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Mirizzi syndrome
  • Mirtazapine
  • Mirvetuximab soravtansine (Elahere)
  • Miscarriage
  • Misoprostol
  • Misplaced Nasogastric tube insertion
  • Mitochondria
  • Mitochondrial diseases
  • Mitosis and Meiosis
  • Mitral Regurgitation (Incompetence)
  • Mitral Stenosis โค๏ธ
  • Mitral Stenosis vs Regurgitation
  • Mitral Valve prolapse โค๏ธ
  • Mittelschmerz
  • Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)
  • Mobility aids
  • Modified Oxford Handicap Scale (MOHS)
  • Modified Rankin Score
  • Modified Valsalva
  • Molecular Structures for Medicine
  • Molluscum contagiosum
  • MonkeyPox (MPOX)
  • Monoclonal gammopathy Undetermined significance
  • Monocytes ๐Ÿฉธ
  • Monosodium glutamate (MSG) syndrome
  • Montelukast
  • Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA)
  • Moraxella catarrhalis
  • Morphine Sulphate ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Morphological Blood film abnormalities and variants
  • Mosquito borne diseases
  • Most Common Cancers in the UK & Red Flags
  • Motor End Plate
  • Motor Neuron Disease (MND-ALS)
  • Moyamoya disease
  • Muckle Wells syndrome
  • Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia
  • Multifocal Motor Neuropathy with Conduction block
  • Multiple Antithrombotics Anticoagulants
  • Multiple Crib sheets
  • Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)
  • Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type II (MEN2)
  • Multiple Myeloma
  • Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome
  • Multiple Pregnancy
  • Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
  • Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)
  • Mumps (Notifiable)
  • Muscle Pain Myalgia
  • Muscular Dystrophies
  • Musculocutaneous nerve
  • Musculoskeletal deformities
  • Musculoskeletal deformities
  • Myasthenia Gravis
  • Mycophenolate mofetil ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae ๐Ÿซ
  • Mycoplasmas
  • Mycosis Fungoides (Sezary Syndrome)
  • Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) & MOG Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD)
  • Myelodysplastic syndrome (Myelodysplasia) ๐Ÿฉธ
  • Myelofibrosis ๐Ÿฉธ
  • Myelopathy (Disorder of Spinal cord)
  • Myeloproliferative disorders
  • Myeloproliferative vs Lymphoproliferative Disorders
  • Myobacterium avium Complex Infection
  • Myocardial perfusion
  • Myoclonus
  • Myoglobin
  • Myotomes
  • Myotonic dystrophy - Dystrophia myotonica
  • Myxoedema coma
  • N-Acetylcysteine (Parvolex) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • NICE and other guidelines links
  • NICE and other guidelines links
  • NSAID toxicityโš ๏ธ
  • Nail disorders
  • Naloxone (Narcan) Opiate antagonist
  • Naproxen
  • Narcolepsy
  • Narrow Complex Tachycardia โค๏ธ
  • Nasal Discharge
  • Nasal Obstruction
  • Nasal polyps
  • Natalizumab (Tysabri) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • National Early Warning Score NEWS 2 Score
  • National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)
  • Natural Language processing
  • Neck Swellings by Triangle
  • Necrotising Enterocolitis
  • Necrotising fasciitis
  • Needlestick injury and PEP
  • Nefopam ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus)
  • Nelson Syndrome
  • Nemaline myopathy
  • Neomycin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome NAS
  • Neonatal Jaundice
  • Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus
  • Neonatal death or cot death
  • Neonatal death or cot death
  • Neonatal meningitis
  • Neostigmine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Nephritic vs Nephrotic syndrome
  • Nephroblastoma (Wilm's tumour)
  • Nephrotic Syndrome in Children
  • Nephrotic syndrome in Adults
  • Nephrotoxic drugs
  • Nerve conduction studies
  • Neuroanatomy Images
  • Neuroblastoma
  • Neurocysticercosis (Taenia solium a pork parasite)
  • Neuroferrinopathy
  • Neurofibromatosis Type 1
  • Neurofibromatosis Type 2
  • Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
  • Neurological - Vision and Eye movements
  • Neurological Examination - Cortical Functions
  • Neurological Examination - Motor
  • Neurological Examination - Speech&Language
  • Neurological Sensory Examination (OSCE)
  • Neurological examination - Eyes
  • Neurological or ENT Examination - Nystagmus
  • Neurology Chapter
  • Neurology Crib Sheets
  • Neuromuscular weakness
  • Neuromyelitis Optica (Devic's disease)
  • Neuropathic Pain Management
  • Neuropathic pain
  • Neuroscience of Memory
  • Neurosurgery
  • Neurotransmitters
  • Neutropenia
  • Neutropenic Sepsis
  • Neutrophil Alkaline Phosphatase
  • Neutrophils
  • Nevirapine (Viramune) NEV-NVP ๐Ÿ’Š
  • New Headache (OSCE focused)
  • New Onset Weakness (OSCE focused)
  • Newborn Bloodspot (Heel Prick) Screening
  • Niacin deficiency (Pellagra Vitamin B3)
  • Nicardipine (Cardene)
  • Nicorandil
  • Niemann-Pick disease
  • Nifedipine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Night sweats
  • Nikolsky's sign
  • Nimodipine (Nimotop)
  • Nipple Discharge
  • Nirsevimab (Beyfortus)
  • Nitrates
  • Nitric Oxide
  • Nitrofurantoin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Nitrous oxide use and abuse
  • Nizatidine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Nocardia
  • Noise induced hearing loss
  • Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease MASLD and MASH
  • Non Convulsive Status Epilepticus
  • Non Hodgkin Lymphoma
  • Non gonococcal urethritis
  • Non invasive ventilation (NIV)
  • Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy
  • Non-accidental injury
  • Non-accidental injury (children)
  • Noonan syndrome
  • Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Normal Distribution
  • Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
  • Normal Saline 0.9% โœ…
  • Normal pregnancy and Antenatal care
  • Normocytic anaemia
  • Norovirus
  • Nortriptyline ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Nosocomial infections
  • Notifiable disease and organisms UK
  • Nucleotides
  • Nutrition in Infants Breastfeeding
  • Nystatin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • OSCE Abdominal Examination
  • OSCE Ascites Examination
  • OSCE Blood pressure
  • OSCE Breast Anatomy Exam
  • OSCE Cardiac History Taking
  • OSCE Causes of Male Infertility
  • OSCE Cranial nerves and examination
  • OSCE Dysphagia Swallowing
  • OSCE Ear Examination
  • OSCE Examination of Visual Fields
  • OSCE Examining for Finger Clubbing
  • OSCE Examining the Arterial Pulse
  • OSCE Examining the Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP)
  • OSCE Eye Examination
  • OSCE Failure to Thrive
  • OSCE Gastroenterology History taking
  • OSCE Inguinal Examination
  • OSCE Jaundice
  • OSCE Leg Pain & Swelling
  • OSCE Lower Limb Neurological Examination
  • OSCE Male Genital exam
  • OSCE Monocular loss of vision
  • OSCE Neurological Examination - Cognition
  • OSCE Neurological Examination Face
  • OSCE Neurology - History taking
  • OSCE Rectal Bleeding
  • OSCE Respiratory - History Taking
  • OSCE Shoulder exam
  • OSCE Station Hearing Loss
  • OSCE Station โ€“ Melaena
  • OSCE Testicular/Scrotal Examination
  • OSCE Thyroid Exam
  • OSCE Unintentional Weight Loss
  • OSCE Upper Limb Neurology Examination
  • Obesity
  • Obesity and Pregnancy
  • Object orientated programming
  • Obsessive-Compulsive disorder
  • Obstetric definitions
  • Obstetrics Emergencies
  • Obstructive Lung Diseases
  • Obstructive Shock (Mechanical Obstruction)
  • Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
  • Occupational Lung Disease
  • Octreotide ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Oculomotor Nerve (Cranial Nerve III)
  • Oesophageal Carcinoma
  • Oesophageal Perforation - Rupture
  • Oesophageal Variceal Bleeding
  • Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD/EGD)
  • Olanzapine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Older Patient with Swallowing Problems
  • Olecranon Fracture
  • Olfactory Nerve (Cranial Nerve I)
  • Oligodendroglioma
  • Olmersartan ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Olsalazine (Aminosalicylate) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Omalizumab
  • Omeprazole ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Onchocerciasis
  • Oncogenic viruses
  • Ondansetron ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Ophthalmic Emergencies
  • Ophthalmic Nerve
  • Ophthalmology Exam Lists
  • Opiates ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Opicapone ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Opioid/Opiate toxicityโš ๏ธ
  • Opsonisation
  • Optic Nerve (Cranial Nerve II) and tract
  • Optic Neuritis
  • Optic atrophy
  • Optics Pathway
  • Oral Aphthous Ulcers
  • Oral Candidiasis
  • Oral Leukoplakia
  • Orbital Cellulitis vs Preorbital Cellulitis
  • Orf (Contagious Ecthyma)
  • Organism and sensitivities
  • Organomegaly
  • Organophosphate (OP) Toxicity
  • Orphenadrine
  • Orthostatic Hypotension
  • Orthostatic Hypotension
  • Oseltamivir - Tamiflu
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Osteochondroma
  • Osteogenesis Imperfecta
  • Osteogenic sarcoma (Osteosarcoma)
  • Osteomalacia
  • Osteomyelitis โœ…
  • Osteonecrosis of the jaw
  • Osteopetrosis
  • Osteoporosis โœ…
  • Otitis Externa (Malignant)
  • Otitis Media
  • Otosclerosis
  • Ottawa rules for ankle and foot x-ray
  • Ovarian Cancer
  • Ovarian Cyst
  • Overlap Syndrome
  • Oxford / Bamford Classification
  • Oxford community stroke project (Bamford)
  • Oxidation and Reduction for Medical Students
  • Oxybutynin (Ditropan) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Oxycodone (Oxycontin-Oxynorm) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Oxygen delivery devices
  • Oxytetracycline
  • POEMS syndrome
  • Pabrinex ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Pacemakers
  • Paediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections
  • Paediatric Crib Sheets
  • Paediatric emergencies
  • Pagets (Bone) disease
  • Pain Management : Acute & Chronic
  • Pain on inspiration
  • Painful Sexual Intercourse (Dyspareunia)
  • Painful Shoulder syndromes
  • Painful swollen leg
  • Palliation - Nausea Dyspnoea Secretions Pain
  • Palliation prescribing
  • Pallor
  • Palpitations
  • Pamidronate (Bisphosphonate) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Panayiotopoulos Syndrome in Children
  • Pancoast tumour (Cancer)
  • Pancreatic Cancer
  • Pancytopenia
  • Panic Disorder
  • Panton-Valentine leucocidin toxin
  • Pantoprazole ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Pantothenate Kinaseโ€“Associated Neurodegeneration
  • Papilloedema
  • Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) toxicityโš ๏ธ
  • Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Paracoccidioidomycosis
  • Paradoxical embolisation
  • Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis (Dementia)
  • Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
  • Paraphimosis (urological emergency)
  • Paraquat toxicityโš ๏ธ
  • Parkinson Hyperpyrexia Syndrome
  • Parkinson Plus syndromes
  • Parkinson disease
  • Parkinsonism
  • Paronychia
  • Parotitis
  • Paroxetine
  • Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria
  • Pasteurella multocida
  • Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)
  • Patellar Bursitis
  • Patent Ductus arteriosus (PDA) โค๏ธ
  • Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)
  • Pathological Gaits ๐Ÿšถโ€โ™‚๏ธ
  • Pathological bone fracture
  • Patient on Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Therapy
  • Patients who refuse treatment or lack capacity
  • Patiromer ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Pattern Recognition Receptors
  • Pectus Excavatum
  • Pegvisomant ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
  • Pelvic Mass
  • Pelvic Pain
  • Pelvic fractures
  • Pemphigoid Gestationis (Herpes Gestationis) โœ…
  • Pemphigus Vulgaris
  • Penetrating Abdominal Trauma โœ…
  • Penicillamine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Penicillin Allergy
  • Penicillins ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Penile Cancer
  • Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastritis in Children
  • Peptic ulcer disease and Gastritis in Adults
  • Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) procedure:
  • Pergolide
  • Perianal abscesses and fistulae โœ…
  • Perianal symptoms
  • Pericardial Disease
  • Pericardial Effusion and Tamponade (NICE)
  • Perimesencephalic Subarachnoid haemorrhage โœ…
  • Perindopril
  • Perinephric abscess
  • Perioperative Anticoagulation
  • Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) โœ…
  • Peripheral Nerve Palsies
  • Peripheral nerve injuries/palsies (Children)
  • Peripheral neuropathy
  • Peripheral oedema and ankle swelling
  • Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC)
  • Peritonitis
  • Peritonsillar Abscess (Quinsy)
  • Pernicious anaemia
  • Personality Disorders
  • Perthes disease (Osteochondritis of the Hip)
  • Petechial Rash in Adult or Child
  • Pethidine
  • Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
  • Peyronieโ€™s Disease
  • Phaeochromocytoma
  • Phagocytes
  • Pharmacokinetic
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacology in the Elderly
  • Pharyngeal arch derivatives
  • Pharyngitis
  • Phenobarbital sodium
  • Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Penicillin V) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Phentolamine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Phenylketonuria (PKU)
  • Phenytoin (Dilantin) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Philadelphia chromosome
  • Phimosis
  • Phobic disorders
  • Phocomelia and Thalidomide
  • Phosphorus/Phosphate
  • Physical Education
  • Physics
  • Physics A Level ๐Ÿ“˜
  • Physics GCSE
  • Physics of flow for Medical students
  • Picolax - Citrafleet
  • Pilonidal Abscess (sinus)
  • Pinta (Treponema carateum)
  • Pioglitazone (Thiazolidinediones)
  • Pituitary Apoplexy
  • Pituitary Tumours
  • Pityriasis or Tinea versicolor infections
  • Pityriasis rosea
  • Pivmecillinam (a penicillin antibiotic)
  • Placenta praevia
  • Placental abruption
  • Plantar fasciitis
  • Plasmapheresis
  • Plasmids
  • Platelets
  • Pleural effusion
  • Pleural tap (thoracentesis)
  • Pneumococcal meningitis
  • Pneumoconiosis
  • Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
  • Pneumonia in Children
  • Pneumonia ๐Ÿฉบ (OSCE focused)
  • Poisoning
  • Poisons eliminated Haemodialysis - perfusion
  • Poliomyelitis
  • Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)
  • Polyarticular arthritis
  • Polycystic Ovary syndrome
  • Polycythaemia
  • Polycythaemia Vera (Primary Polycythaemia)
  • Polydipsia (thirst)
  • Polymerase chain reaction
  • Polymorphic light eruption
  • Polymyalgia Rheumatica
  • Polymyositis
  • Polypharmacy and STOPP/START criteria
  • Polyuria
  • Polyuria and Thirst (OSCE focused)
  • Pontiac fever (Legionella Pneumophila)
  • Pontine-Midbrain haemorrhage โœ…
  • Popliteal Artery Aneurysm
  • Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT)
  • Porphyria Testing
  • Portal Hypertension
  • Positron and Single photon Emission Tomography
  • Post Menopausal Bleeding
  • Post Partum Thyroiditis
  • Post Polio Syndrome (PPS)
  • Post Streptococcal/Infectious Glomerulonephritis
  • Post Stroke Epilepsy (PSE)
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
  • Post-exposure prophylaxis with Immunoglobulins
  • Post-operative surgical care and complications
  • Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs)
  • Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)
  • Posterior circulation
  • Postmenopausal Bleeding (OSCE focused)
  • Postpartum / Postnatal Psychosis
  • Postpartum/Postnatal Depression
  • Postprandial hypotension
  • Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS)
  • Postโ€‘fall management: Concerns for the Onโ€‘Call Team
  • Potassium Physiology
  • Pralidoxime ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Pramipexole (Mirapexin) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Prasugrel ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Pravastatin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Praziquantel
  • Prazosin
  • Pre-Operative Assessment
  • Pre-eclampsia, Gestational Hypertension
  • Prednisolone ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Prednisone
  • Pregabalin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Pregnancy risk assessment
  • Premature Menopause
  • Prematurity
  • Premed Anatomy
  • Premed Pathology ๐Ÿ”ฌ
  • Premed Pharmacology
  • Premedical Biochemistry
  • Premedical Immunology ๐Ÿง 
  • Premedical Microbiology ๐Ÿงซ
  • Premedical Physiology
  • Presbyacusis(Presbycusis)
  • Prescribing in Pregnancy
  • Pressure sores or ulcers
  • Preterm labour
  • Prevotella (Bacteroides) melaninogenica
  • Priapism โœ…
  • Primaquine
  • Primary Biliary Cholangitis
  • Primary CNS Lymphoma (PCNSL)
  • Primary Familial Brain Calcification (PFBC) Fahr Syndrome
  • Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG)
  • Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
  • Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
  • Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)
  • Primary and Secondary Hypoparathyroidism โœ…
  • Primary ciliary dyskinesia and Kartagener's syndrome
  • Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome)
  • Primary progressive aphasia (Dementia)
  • Probenecid ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Procalcitonin (PCT) ๐Ÿงช
  • Prochlorperazine (Stemetil) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Procyclidine
  • Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
  • Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)
  • Prolactin
  • Prolactinoma
  • Propafenone ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Propantheline ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Propionibacterium
  • Propofol
  • Propranolol ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Propylthiouracil ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Prostate cancerโœ…
  • Prosthetic Metal and Tissue Valves
  • Protamine Sulfate ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Protein C Deficiency
  • Protein S Deficiency
  • Protein Synthesis
  • Protein losing enteropathy
  • Protein metabolism
  • Protein p53
  • Proteus
  • Prothrombin 20210A mutation
  • Prothrombin Complex Concentrates (Octaplex and Beriplex) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Prothrombin time and Coagulation ๐Ÿฉธ
  • Prothrombotic Hypercoagulable disorders
  • Proximal myopathy
  • Prucalopride
  • Pruritis
  • Pruritis ani
  • Psammoma bodies ๐ŸŒ€
  • Pseudo(pseudo)hypoparathyroidism
  • Pseudomonas infection (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
  • Psoriasis
  • Psoriatic arthritis โœ…
  • Psychogenic Polydipsia
  • Pubertal Development
  • Pubic Lice (Pediculosis Pubis)
  • Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
  • Pulmonary Arteriovenous malformation
  • Pulmonary Arteriovenous malformation
  • Pulmonary Embolism ๐Ÿซ
  • Pulmonary Eosinophilia and CXR changes
  • Pulmonary Haemorrhage
  • Pulmonary Hypertension
  • Pulmonary Regurgitation โค๏ธ
  • Pulmonary Stenosis โค๏ธ
  • Pulmonry Embolism in Pregnancy ๐Ÿคฐ
  • Pulse oximetry
  • Pupils : Relative Afferent pupillary defect (RAPD)
  • Purpura
  • Purpura Fulminans
  • Putamen and Globus Pallidus
  • Putaminal Haemorrhage
  • Pyloric Stenosis Children
  • Pyoderma gangrenosum
  • Pyonephrosis
  • Pyrazinamide ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Pyridostigmine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Pyroglutamic acidosis
  • Pyruvate Kinase deficiency
  • Python Programming
  • QRISK3 (OSCE focused) โค๏ธ
  • Quetiapine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Quinine toxicityโš ๏ธ
  • Quinine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • RFS Rib fracture score
  • ROSIER scale
  • Rabies
  • Radial Head and Neck Fractures
  • Radial Ulnar and Median Palsy of the Hand
  • Radial nerve
  • Radiation exposure
  • Radicular syndromes
  • Radiculopathies
  • Radioactive iodine (I 131)
  • Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation
  • Radiologically Inserted Gastrostomy (RIG) Procedure
  • Radiology for finals
  • Raised intracranial pressure (ICP)
  • Raloxifene ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Raltegravir ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Ramipril ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Ramsay Hunt syndrome
  • Ranitidine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Ranolazine ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Rapid Sequence Intubation (RSI)
  • Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (RPGN)
  • Rasagiline
  • Rasburicase
  • Rate limiting steps in metabolism
  • Raynaud's Phenomenon Primary and Secondary
  • Reactive Arthritis
  • Rectal Foreign Body
  • Rectal Pain (Proctalgia)
  • Rectal Prolapse
  • Rectal examination (OSCE)
  • Red Blood Cell Maturation
  • Red Blood Cells ๐Ÿฉธ
  • Red cell aplasia
  • Reduced/change in fetal movements
  • Refeeding syndrome
  • Referring to Level 2 or 3 care (ITU ICU HDU)
  • Reflex anoxic attacks in Children
  • Refractive Errors
  • Refsum disease
  • Regular Broad Complex Tachycardia โค๏ธ
  • Relapsing Polychondritis
  • Remdesvir (Veklury)
  • Renal Artery Stenosis Renovascular Disease
  • Renal Papillary Necrosis
  • Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT)
  • Renal Top Tips
  • Renal Transplantation
  • Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)
  • Renal Vein Thrombosis
  • Renal and Urology Emergencies
  • Renal cell carcinoma โœ…
  • Renal syndromes
  • Renin and Aldosterone Renin ratio (ARR)
  • Renin-angiotensin system
  • Respiratory Examination (OSCE)
  • Respiratory Acidosis
  • Respiratory Alkalosis
  • Respiratory Arrest
  • Respiratory Arrest
  • Respiratory Crib Sheets
  • Respiratory Disease Investigations
  • Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Neonates)
  • Respiratory Emergencies
  • Respiratory Failure
  • Respiratory Spirometry and Flow Volume Loops
  • Restless legs syndrome
  • Restriction enzymes
  • Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
  • Resus: Septic Shock and Sepsis
  • Resuscitation - Acute Haemorrhage
  • Resuscitation - Adult Bradycardia Algorithm
  • Resuscitation - Adult Tachycardia Algorithm
  • Resuscitation - Advanced Life Support
  • Resuscitation - Basic Life Support ABCDE
  • Resuscitation - Choking Algorithm
  • Resuscitation - Newborns and Children
  • Resuscitation - Post Resuscitation Algorithm
  • Reteplase
  • Reticulocytes
  • Retinal detachment
  • Retinitis pigmentosa
  • Retinoblastoma ๐Ÿ‘๏ธ
  • Retinoids ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
  • Retroperitoneal fibrosis
  • Rett Syndrome
  • Reye syndrome
  • Rhesus haemolytic disease
  • Rheumatic fever โค๏ธ
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis โœ…
  • Rheumatology Autoantibodies
  • Rheumatology Drugs
  • Rheumatology Lab values
  • Rhino-Orbital-Cerebral Mucormycosis
  • Rhinosinusitis
  • Rhodococcus equi
  • Ribavirin
  • Ribosomes
  • Ricin Toxicity
  • Rickettsia (General Principles)
  • Rickettsia africae (Tick Bite Fever)
  • Rickettsia akari (Rickettsial pox)
  • Rickettsia conorii (Mediterranean Spotted Fever)
  • Rickettsia prowazekii (Epidemi/Louse-borne Typhus)
  • Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever)
  • Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (Scrub typhus)
  • Rickettsia typhi (Murine/Endemic typhus)
  • Rifampicin (Rifabutin Rifampin) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Rifaximin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Right Iliac Fossa Pain
  • Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Tachycardia (RVOT)
  • Right Ventricular ST Elevation MI (RVMI)
  • Right heart valve disease
  • Rilipivirine (Edurant) RVP ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Riluzole (Rilutek)
  • Risedronate (Bisphosphonate) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Risperidone ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Ritonavir (Norvir) RTV ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Rituximab (Mabthera) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Rivaroxaban (Xarelto)
  • Rivastigmine (Exelon) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
  • Rocuronium
  • Role of Urinary Catheters in the Elderly
  • Rotavirus
  • Rotigotine Transdermal Patch (Neupro)
  • Rubella (German Measles) Notifiable
  • Rust Programming
  • SCL70 Antibody
  • SQL programming
  • Saccular Berry Cerebral Aneurysms
  • Sacubitril with Valsartan ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Safeguarding Adults and Children
  • Safety Surgical checklist WHO
  • Salivary Gland Disease
  • Salivary glands
  • Salmonella enterica
  • Salmonella typhi
  • Sampling in Medical Statistics
  • Saquinavir (Invirase) SQV ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Saxagliptin (Onglyza) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Scabies
  • Scaphoid fracture
  • Scarlet Fever (Scarlatina)
  • Scarring
  • Schamberg disease
  • Schistosomiasis
  • Schizophrenia
  • Schmidts syndrome
  • Sciatic nerve
  • Sciatica
  • Scleritis
  • Scrotal/testicular pain/lump/swelling โš ๏ธ
  • Seborrheic Dermatitis
  • Seborrheic Keratosis
  • Secondary Hypertension
  • Secondary Messengers
  • Secondary Pulmonary hypertension - Cor pulmonale
  • Secondary dysmenorrhoea
  • Secondary hyperparathyroidism
  • Secondary prevention Post Acute Coronary Syndrome
  • Sedation and Analgesia on ITU
  • Selective IgA deficiency
  • Selective Serotonin reuptake Inhibitor toxicityโš ๏ธ
  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Selegiline
  • Selenium deficiency
  • Self assessment form
  • Self-harm
  • Senior Self Assessment
  • Senna ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Septic arthritis โœ…
  • Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies
  • Serotonin syndrome
  • Serplulimab
  • Serratia
  • Sevelamer ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Severe combined immunodeficiency disorders
  • Shaft of Ulna Fracture
  • Sheehans syndrome
  • Shigella characteristics
  • Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery)
  • Shock in Pregnancy
  • Short QT Syndrome
  • Short Synacthen test (SST)
  • Shortness of Breath History (OSCE focused) ๐Ÿซ
  • Shoulder Anterior Dislocations
  • Shoulder Joint Structure and Form
  • Shoulder: Posterior Dislocation
  • Sick Child/Neonate
  • Sick Euthyroid Syndrome
  • Sick Sinus Syndrome (Tachy-Brady syndrome)
  • Sickle Cell Disease
  • Sideroblastic Anaemia
  • Sigmoid and Caecal Volvulus Adults
  • Sildenafil (Viagra) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Silicosis
  • Simvastatin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Sinus Bradycardia
  • Sinus Node disease
  • Sinus Tachycardia
  • Sinus arrhythmia
  • Sitagliptin
  • Sitosterolemia
  • Sjรถgrenโ€™s syndrome
  • Skin Infections due to Fungi ๐Ÿฆ 
  • Skin Pathology and Description and Examination
  • Skin Treatments
  • Skin Ulcers
  • Skin and soft tissue and bone infections
  • Skin or subcutaneous lump
  • Skull Anatomy
  • Sleep physiology
  • Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis (SUFE)
  • Small Bowel Obstruction (Adults)
  • Small for Gestational Age (SGA)
  • Small vessel disease
  • Smallpox
  • Smoke Inhalation
  • Smoking and Its Consequence
  • Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Smouldering Myeloma
  • Snake Bites
  • Sneddon Syndrome
  • Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
  • Sodium Nitroprusside
  • Sodium Physiology
  • Sodium Picosulfate ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Sodium Potassium ATPase pump
  • Sodium Thiopental - Sodium Thiopentone
  • Sodium Valproate (Epilim Depakote) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate (Lokelma)
  • Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Soft Tissue Injury
  • Soft tissue : Cut finger
  • Soft tissue injuries (sprains, strains)
  • Solifenacin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
  • Somatisation
  • Somatisation/ medically unexplained physical symptoms
  • Sore throat
  • Sotalol Hydrochloride ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Speech and language problems
  • Spina Bifida
  • Spinal Cord Arteriovenous Malformations
  • Spinal Cord Compression
  • Spinal Cord Haematoma
  • Spinal Cord Infarction
  • Spinal Cord Injury / Malignant Spinal Cord Compression (MSCC)
  • Spinal Fracture
  • Spinal Fractures: assessment & management
  • Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) ๐Ÿง 
  • Spinal Stenosis
  • Spinal Tracts
  • Spinal and Epidural Anaesthesia
  • Spironolactone ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Splenectomy
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  • Splenic Rupture
  • Splenomegaly Examination (OSCE)
  • Spondylolisthesis
  • Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
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  • Spontaneous intracranial hypotension
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  • Squint
  • St John's Wort ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Staphylococcal Infections
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Staphylococcus epidermidis
  • Staphylococcus saprophyticus
  • Statin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Status Epilepticus (Epilepsy/Seizure)
  • Stavudine (Zerit) d4T ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Stem Cell Transplantation
  • Sterno-Clavicular Joint Dislocation
  • Steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's Encephalopathy)
  • Stiff Person Syndrome
  • Strabismus (Lazy Eye)
  • Streptobacillus moniliformis
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  • Streptococcus Pneumoniae (Pneumococcus)
  • Streptococcus agalactiae Group B
  • Streptococcus milleri
  • Streptococcus pyogenes Group A
  • Streptococcus viridans
  • Streptokinase ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Streptomycin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Stridor
  • Stroke
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  • Stroke - General Management
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  • Stroke Penumbra
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  • Stroke Risk Factors
  • Stroke Thrombolysis
  • Stroke Vascular Anatomy
  • Stroke and Vision
  • Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)
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  • Sturge Weber syndrome
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  • Subclavian Steal Syndrome
  • Subclavian Vein Thrombosis (SCVT)
  • Subdural haematoma
  • Subfertility in Men
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  • Substance misuse
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  • The unconscious (comatose) patient
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  • Tolosa Hunt Syndrome
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  • Trauma
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  • Travel health advice
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  • Treatment Escalation Plans (TEP) in the Elderly
  • Treponema
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  • Triangles of the neck
  • Trichinellosis
  • Trichomoniasis Vaginalis
  • Tricuspid Atresia
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  • Tricyclic Antidepressant Toxicity
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  • Trigeminal Nerve (Vth Nerve)
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  • Tuberculosis
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  • Tyrosine Kinase receptors
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  • Ubiquitin
  • Ulcerative Colitis
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  • Upper and Lower Limb Neurology (OSCE)
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  • Upper respiratory tract infection
  • Urethral Discharge (Urethritis)
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  • Urinary Tract Infection (UTI Children)
  • Urinary Tract Obstruction
  • Urinary symptoms
  • Urothelial tumours/ Transitional cell carcinomas
  • Urticaria
  • Uterine fibroids
  • Uveitis โœ…
  • VIPomas
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  • Valaciclovir ๐Ÿ’Š
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  • Variable rate intravenous insulin infusion VRIII
  • Variant (Prinzmetal) Angina
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  • Vecuronium
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  • Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP)
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  • Violence Aggression and Conflict Resolution
  • Viral Gastroenteritis and other causes
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  • Visual Basic Programming
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  • Vitamin A Deficiency
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  • Vitiligo
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  • Waardenburg's syndrome
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  • Warfarin ๐Ÿ’Š
  • Water Physiology
  • Watershed Infarcts
  • Waveform COโ‚‚ capnography
  • Weakness in Adults โ€“ Causes, Features, and Diagnosis ๐Ÿง‘โ€โš•๏ธ
  • Weight Gain Adults
  • Wellbeing Checks in General Practice for GPs
  • Wellens Syndrome
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  • X linked Agammaglobulinaemia (Bruton)
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  • eGFR
  • intedanib (Ofevยฎ) ๐Ÿ’Š
  • zNecrobiosis
  • โค๏ธ Peripartum cardiomyopathy โœ…
  • ๏ธCauses of a Limp in Adults
  • ๐Ÿฝ๏ธ Malnutrition in Children
  • ๐Ÿ’“Atrial Fibrillation (AF)โœ…
  • ๐Ÿ’“Atrial flutter โœ…
  • ๐Ÿ“Š Thromboelastography (TEG)
  • ๐Ÿ”„ ROTEM - Rotational Thromboelastometry
  • ๐Ÿฉบ Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)
  • ๐Ÿฉบ Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) (OSCE focused)
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    MEDICAL DISCLAIMER: Educational use only. Not for diagnosis or management. See below for full disclaimer.

    Computer Science GCSE๐Ÿ“ (J277)

    This is a textbook-style revision and learning resource for OCR GCSE Computer Science (J277). It explains the ideas properly (not just bullet points), includes worked examples, common mistakes, and OCR exam-style practice. Use it as a course book: read, annotate, then do the questions.


    How to Use This Textbook
    • Read a section โ†’ summarise it in your own words.
    • Do the worked examples (donโ€™t just look at the answers).
    • Attempt the exam questions and mark yourself using the checklist.
    • Return weekly to key calculation topics: binary, images, sound, and algorithms.

    OCR Course Map (J277)

    Paper 1: Computer Systems

    • 1.1 Systems Architecture
    • 1.2 Memory and Storage
    • 1.3 Computer Networks, Connections and Protocols
    • 1.4 Network Security
    • 1.5 Systems Software
    • 1.6 Ethical, Legal, Cultural and Environmental Impacts

    Paper 2: Computational Thinking, Algorithms and Programming

    • 2.1 Algorithms
    • 2.2 Programming Fundamentals
    • 2.3 Producing Robust Programs
    • 2.4 Boolean Logic
    • 2.5 Programming Languages and Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)

    CHAPTER 1 โ€” Systems Architecture (1.1)

    1.1.1 What does the CPU do?

    The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the part of a computer that processes instructions and controls most of what the system does. Whenever you run a program (a game, a web browser, or background operating system tasks), it is converted into a sequence of instructions that the CPU can understand. The CPU follows a repeating process: it fetches the next instruction from memory, decodes what it means, and executes it. This continuous fetchโ€“decodeโ€“execute cycle is the foundation of how computers run software.

    At GCSE level, it is essential to understand that the CPU does not โ€œthinkโ€ โ€” it follows rules. The instructions are stored in memory in a pattern of bits, and the CPU interprets them as operations like โ€œloadโ€, โ€œstoreโ€, โ€œaddโ€, โ€œcompareโ€, and โ€œjumpโ€.

    1.1.2 The Von Neumann Model (OCR key idea)

    Most computers follow the Von Neumann architecture. The central idea is simple but powerful: program instructions and data are stored in the same memory. This means:

    • Programs can be changed easily (software is stored like data).
    • The CPU can treat instructions and data in similar ways (both are binary).
    • It enables general-purpose computers (one machine can run many programs).

    A common exam phrase is โ€œstored program conceptโ€. If asked what this means, say: instructions are stored in memory and fetched for execution.

    1.1.3 CPU Components

    Control Unit (CU)

    The Control Unit manages the execution of instructions. It sends signals around the CPU and to other hardware to coordinate tasks. Think of it as a โ€œtraffic controllerโ€: it decides what happens next, when memory is read, when registers update, and when data is moved.

    Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

    The ALU performs calculations and logical decisions. It handles arithmetic (addition, subtraction) and logic (AND, OR, NOT, comparisons). When you do a calculation in a program, the ALU is involved.

    Registers (high-speed internal memory)

    Registers are very small storage locations inside the CPU. They are much faster than RAM. OCR exam questions love registers because they show you understand how data moves during the fetchโ€“decodeโ€“execute cycle.

    1.1.4 Key Registers (You must memorise these)

    • Program Counter (PC) โ€” holds the address of the next instruction.
    • Memory Address Register (MAR) โ€” holds the address in memory being accessed.
    • Memory Data Register (MDR) โ€” holds the data/instruction being transferred to/from memory.
    • Current Instruction Register (CIR) โ€” holds the current instruction being decoded/executed.
    • Accumulator (ACC) โ€” stores intermediate results from the ALU.

    Common mistake: students say MAR โ€œstores dataโ€. MAR stores an address. MDR stores the data.

    1.1.5 The Fetchโ€“Decodeโ€“Execute Cycle (step-by-step)

    The CPU processes instructions in a repeated cycle. OCR expects you to describe this clearly using the registers. A high-mark answer includes the register names and what is transferred.

    1. Fetch: The address in the PC is copied to the MAR.
    2. The control unit sends a โ€œreadโ€ signal to memory.
    3. The instruction at that address is copied from memory into the MDR.
    4. The instruction is copied from MDR to CIR.
    5. The PC increments (so it points to the next instruction).
    6. Decode: The control unit decodes the instruction in the CIR (works out what it means).
    7. Execute: The instruction is carried out (ALU operation, memory access, jump, output, etc.).

    Worked Example (FDE in words)

    Imagine the next instruction is โ€œADD 7 to accumulatorโ€. The CPU fetches the instruction, decodes that it is an ADD, then executes it by sending the values to the ALU. The result goes back into the accumulator.

    1.1.6 Performance Factors: why some CPUs are faster

    Clock Speed

    Clock speed is measured in Hertz (Hz). A faster clock speed means more cycles per second. However, clock speed alone is not everything because some CPUs do more work per cycle than others.

    Number of Cores

    A CPU has multiple cores on it. CPUs with multiple cores have more power to run multiple programs at the same time. A core is like an independent processing unit inside the CPU. Multi-core CPUs can do tasks in parallel. This improves performance when software is designed to split work (e.g., gaming, video editing). However, doubling cores does not double clock speed as the processing cannot always be easily divided between cores so there is some inefficiency. Some headroom is needed to communicate between each core.

    Cache Size

    Cache is small, very fast memory but expensive and is used to store frequently accessed instructions/data. If the CPU can get what it needs from cache instead of RAM, performance improves because RAM is slower. Transferring data in and out of memory takes much, much longer than from cache. Therefore, placing frequently accessed data in the cache results in everything using that function (such as square roots) being executed much faster. The more cache there is, the more data can be stored closer to the CPU. CPU cache is โ€˜gradedโ€™ at different levels depending on its speed. L1 is usually part of the CPU chip and is both the smallest and the fastest to access. Its size is often restricted to between 8 KB and 64 KB. L2 and L3 caches are bigger than L1. They are extra caches built between the CPU and the RAM. Sometimes L2 is built into the CPU with L1. L2 and L3 caches take slightly longer to access than L1. Each CPU core has its own set of L1 cache, but they can share higher levels. Cache is very expensive and is limited by the space of the CPU die, and is very small, so cannot be a full replacement for memory.

    OCR Exam Technique (3โ€“6 markers)

    • Always explain the mechanism: โ€œcache reduces time waiting for RAMโ€.
    • Include limitations: โ€œmulti-core only helps if the program can use parallel processingโ€.
    • Use correct terms: clock speed, cores, cache.

    CHAPTER 2 โ€” Memory & Storage (1.2)

    2.1 Primary Storage (RAM, ROM, Cache)

    Primary storage consists of RAM (random access memory) and ROM (read-only memory). ROM is non-volatile (retains its data after being powered off) and is now often only used to boot the computer, providing the BIOS or UEFI start-up instructions. Memory/RAM is small in size compared to secondary storage, but is much faster as it does not have moving parts or have to retain that much information. It is usually from 4-32GB in size and is constantly growing (My first computer it was 1 Lb then eventually 4 MB and now 16GB). The more RAM a computer has, the more programs and instructions it can store simultaneously.

    RAM (Random Access Memory)

    RAM is volatile, meaning it loses its contents when power is turned off. RAM stores the programs and data currently in use. If you open a game, it loads into RAM so the CPU can access it quickly.

    โ€œRandom accessโ€ means the CPU can access any memory location directly without reading earlier ones first.

    ROM (Read Only Memory)

    ROM is non-volatile. It stores the boot program (firmware) that starts the computer. When you power on a machine, it uses ROM instructions to check hardware and begin loading the operating system.

    Cache

    Cache stores frequently used data/instructions close to the CPU. It reduces the time the CPU waits for RAM. Cache memory is incredibly fast but relatively expensive RAM located within the CPU itself, used for very common operations and calculations that may need to be immediately reused. There are typically 3 levels of cache - L1, L2 and L3 - which go down (starting from L1) in cost and speed, but up in capacity. As it is located on the CPU itself, itโ€™s much faster than having to go to RAM all the time.

    2.2 Virtual Memory (OCR extension area)

    Virtual memory is a technique that uses secondary storage (like an SSD/HDD) to act like extra RAM when there is overflow from available RAM. If RAM is full, the operating system moves โ€œpagesโ€ of data that are not currently needed to disk. When RAM is full, data which would have gone to memory instead goes to an area of the disk drive and, when needed by the CPU, is moved back into RAM. However, virtual memory is much slower than primary storage media, even if it uses the fastest SSDs, let alone HDDs with their moving parts, so the OS always attempts to avoid placing highly-used programs in virtual memory. More RAM = always better. Apart from its costs.

    • Advantage: allows larger programs / more programs to run.
    • Disadvantage: disk is much slower than RAM โ†’ performance drop.
    • Key term: thrashing (constant swapping, system becomes very slow).

    2.3 Secondary Storage

    Secondary storage is non-volatile and so stores the data when the computer is off and is used for long-term storage of files and programs. OCR expects you to compare different storage types. An HDD (magnetic) has very high capacity and involves flipping magnetic polarity to store bits. It is slow to access as there are moving parts such as the read and write head. These are generally the cheapest form of bulk storage but have moving parts, so not good for portability. An SSD (solid state) has high capacity and involves trapping electrons to store bits. They are extremely fast to access, but significantly more expensive than HDDs. As solid state media has no moving parts, they are faster and much more portable than hard drives. A USB drive (also solid state) is tiny in comparison but very portable so is useful for transferring files between people and their computers. Optical storage devices like CDs and DVDs use a laser to scan the tracks, and when light reflects back, it will either reflect from โ€˜landsโ€™ - representing 1, or not reflect in โ€˜pitsโ€™ - representing 0. Speeds and capacity are generally worse than HDDs or SSDs, but they are cheap to produce. Embedded systems may not need these as the instructions to run them are usually in ROM. For example, a watch does not need to edit the time as it runs all the time.

    Storage How it works Speed Cost per GB Durability Typical Use
    HDD Magnetic spinning platters + read/write head Medium/slow Low Can be damaged by knocks Large file storage, budget PCs
    SSD Flash memory (no moving parts) Fast Higher More shock-resistant Laptops, fast boot drives
    Optical (CD/DVD/Blu-ray) Laser reads pits/lands Slow Low Scratches easily Media distribution, backups
    Magnetic Tape Magnetic strip, sequential access Very slow access Very low Good for long-term storage Backups, archives

    Exam trap: Tape is cheap and good for backups, but it is sequential access so retrieving a specific file is slow.


    CHAPTER 3 โ€” Data Representation (1.2 + Paper 2 support)

    3.1 Why everything is stored in binary

    Computers use binary because electronic circuits can be reliably in two states: on/off, high/low voltage. A bit is a single binary digit. A byte is 8 bits. Larger units:

    • 1 KB = 1024 bytes
    • 1 MB = 1024 KB
    • 1 GB = 1024 MB
    • 1 TB = 1024 GB

    3.2 Converting Denary to Binary (method)

    Use place values: 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 (for 8 bits).

    Worked Example: 156 in 8-bit binary

    156 = 128 + 16 + 8 + 4

    So bits: 128(1) 64(0) 32(0) 16(1) 8(1) 4(1) 2(0) 1(0)

    156 = 10011100

    3.3 Binary Addition + Overflow

    Rules:

    • 0+0=0
    • 0+1=1
    • 1+1=10 (carry 1)

    Worked Example: 1011 + 1101

       1011
     + 1101
     =11000
    

    If your system only stores 4 bits, the result would overflow (because 11000 needs 5 bits). OCR expects you to state that overflow means the value is too large to store in the available bits, causing incorrect results.

    3.4 Hexadecimal (base 16)

    Hex is used as a shorthand for binary. One hex digit represents 4 bits (a nibble).

    HexBinary
    00000
    10001
    20010
    30011
    40100
    50101
    60110
    70111
    81000
    91001
    A1010
    B1011
    C1100
    D1101
    E1110
    F1111

    OCR skill: converting large binary values into hex by grouping into 4s from the right.

    3.5 Characters: ASCII and Unicode

    Characters are stored as numeric codes. ASCII originally used 7 bits (128 symbols). Extended ASCII uses 8 bits (256). Unicode is much larger and includes symbols from most writing systems and many emojis.

    Exam tip: Unicode uses more bits, so text files can become larger, but it supports more languages.

    3.6 Images (Bitmap) + File Size

    A bitmap image is made of pixels. Each pixel stores a colour value. Colour depth is how many bits are used per pixel.

    File size (uncompressed) = width ร— height ร— colour depth รท 8

    Worked Example

    A 1920 ร— 1080 image at 24-bit colour:

    1920 ร— 1080 = 2,073,600 pixels

    2,073,600 ร— 24 = 49,766,400 bits

    49,766,400 รท 8 = 6,220,800 bytes โ‰ˆ 5.93 MB

    3.7 Sound + File Size

    Sound is sampled at intervals. Each sample is stored using a number of bits. Stereo uses 2 channels.

    File size = sample rate ร— bit depth ร— channels ร— duration

    Worked Example (CD quality)

    44,100 Hz ร— 16 bits ร— 2 ร— 60 seconds = 84,672,000 bits

    รท 8 = 10,584,000 bytes โ‰ˆ 10.1 MB per minute

    3.8 Compression: Lossy vs Lossless

    Lossless (exact)

    Lossless compression reduces file size without losing any data. When decompressed, the original file is perfectly restored. This is vital for documents, program files, medical images, and anything where accuracy matters.

    Run-Length Encoding (RLE) โ€“ OCR favourite

    RLE compresses repeated data by storing the value and the number of repeats. Example: AAAAABBBCC โ†’ (A,5)(B,3)(C,2)

    Lossy (approximate)

    Lossy compression permanently removes some data that humans are less likely to notice. It achieves much smaller file sizes, which is useful for streaming music and sharing photos quickly.


    End-of-Chapter Questions (OCR Style)

    Chapter 1โ€“3 Quick Check (1โ€“3 marks each)

    1. State the purpose of the MAR. (1)
    2. State the purpose of the MDR. (1)
    3. Explain one advantage of cache memory. (2)
    4. Explain why virtual memory can slow a computer. (2)
    5. Calculate the uncompressed size of a 640ร—480 image at 8-bit colour. (3)

    6-Mark OCR Style Question

    Explain how the fetchโ€“decodeโ€“execute cycle works, including the role of registers. (6)

    Mark-Point Checklist (what OCR examiners reward)

    • PC holds address of next instruction
    • PC copied to MAR
    • Memory read, instruction to MDR
    • MDR copied to CIR
    • Instruction decoded by CU
    • Instruction executed (ALU / memory access / jump)
    • PC incremented

    CHAPTER 4 โ€” Networks, Connections & Protocols (1.3)

    4.1 Why networks exist

    A computer network is two or more devices connected so they can share data and resources. Networks exist because sharing is efficient: schools share printers, businesses share files and databases, and the internet lets people communicate globally. In OCR questions, always include both data sharing (files, messages) and resource sharing (printers, storage, internet connection).

    4.2 Types of network: LAN and WAN

    LAN (Local Area Network)

    A LAN covers a small area, such as a school, home, or office building. It is usually owned and managed by one organisation. LANs are typically fast (high bandwidth) and more secure because the organisation controls the devices.

    WAN (Wide Area Network)

    A WAN covers a large geographical area. The internet is the biggest WAN. WANs rely on third-party infrastructure (telecom companies, ISPs), so they can be slower and have higher latency than LANs.

    Exam tip: LAN = local + privately managed. WAN = wide + uses external networks/ISPs.

    4.3 Wired vs wireless connections

    Wired (Ethernet)

    Ethernet uses cables (usually copper or fibre) to connect devices. Wired connections are typically faster and more reliable than Wi-Fi because they are less affected by interference. Fibre is especially fast and suitable for long distances because it transmits using light.

    Wireless (Wi-Fi)

    Wi-Fi connects devices using radio waves. Its key advantage is mobility and convenience, but performance can drop with distance, walls, and interference (e.g., many devices in one area). Security is also a concern because signals can be intercepted if not encrypted.

    4.4 Network hardware (OCR must-know list)

    Router

    A router connects networks together. In homes, the router connects your LAN to the internet (WAN). Routers use IP addresses to send data to the correct network/device. Many home routers also provide Wi-Fi.

    Switch

    A switch connects devices within a LAN. It sends data only to the intended device using MAC addresses, which reduces traffic compared with older hub devices.

    Wireless Access Point (WAP)

    A WAP allows wireless devices to connect to a wired LAN. In schools you may have multiple WAPs so coverage is strong.

    NIC (Network Interface Card)

    A NIC provides the physical connection to a network. It has a unique MAC address. A device may have Wi-Fi NIC, Ethernet NIC, or both.

    Modem

    A modem converts digital data from your network into a signal suitable for transmission over telephone lines, cable systems, or fibre networks (depending on the service). The word comes from modulator/demodulator.

    4.5 Network topologies

    Star topology

    In a star network, all devices connect to a central switch or hub. This is the most common modern LAN layout.

    • Advantages: easy to add/remove devices; one cable/device failure does not take down the whole network; good performance with switches.
    • Disadvantages: if the central switch fails, the whole network is affected; more cable needed than bus.

    Bus topology

    In a bus network, devices share a single backbone cable. It is rare today but still used in exam questions.

    • Advantages: cheap; uses less cable.
    • Disadvantages: collisions; difficult to troubleshoot; if backbone fails, the whole network fails; performance drops with more devices.

    Mesh topology

    In a mesh network, devices are connected to many others. Full mesh connects every device to every other device.

    • Advantages: very reliable; multiple routes if one link fails.
    • Disadvantages: expensive; lots of cabling; complex to manage.

    OCR exam technique: For 4โ€“6 markers, compare using the words cost, reliability, ease of maintenance, performance.

    4.6 Protocols and layers

    A protocol is an agreed set of rules for communication. Without protocols, devices would not know how to format messages, how to address them, or how to check for errors. Protocols allow different manufacturersโ€™ devices to communicate successfully.

    TCP/IP model (simplified GCSE version)

    • Application layer: HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, IMAP/POP, DNS
    • Transport layer: TCP, UDP
    • Internet layer: IP (routing and addressing)
    • Link layer: Ethernet, Wi-Fi

    TCP vs UDP

    TCP is reliable: it uses acknowledgements and retransmission, so data arrives in the correct order. This is important for web pages, emails, and file transfers. UDP is faster but not guaranteed: it sends data without checking delivery, so it is used for live streaming and online gaming where speed matters more than perfect accuracy.

    Common protocols (OCR essentials)

    • HTTP/HTTPS: Used to access web pages; HTTPS uses encryption (TLS) for security.
    • FTP: Transfers files (upload/download) between computers.
    • SMTP: Sends email.
    • IMAP/POP: Receives email.
    • DNS: Converts domain names to IP addresses.

    4.7 Addressing: IP and MAC

    MAC Address

    A MAC address is a unique identifier set on a NIC. It is used inside a LAN to deliver frames to the correct device. MAC addresses are usually fixed (though can be spoofed).

    IP Address

    An IP address identifies a device on a network and helps data reach the correct destination across networks. IPv4 is written as four numbers 0โ€“255 (e.g., 192.168.1.10). IPv6 is longer and created to solve IPv4 exhaustion.

    Static vs Dynamic IP

    • Static: fixed address; useful for servers and printers.
    • Dynamic: assigned automatically (usually by DHCP); common for home devices.

    End-of-Chapter Questions (Networks)

    1. Explain one difference between a LAN and a WAN. (2)
    2. Describe the purpose of a router in a home network. (2)
    3. Explain why TCP is used for file transfer rather than UDP. (3)
    4. Compare star and bus topologies. (6)

    CHAPTER 5 โ€” Network Security (1.4)

    5.1 Why security matters

    Security protects systems and data from damage, theft, or misuse. OCR questions often target the CIA triad: Confidentiality (only authorised people can access data), Integrity (data is accurate and not altered improperly), and Availability (systems are accessible when needed).

    5.2 Common threats

    Malware

    Malware is malicious software designed to harm systems or steal data. Types include:

    • Virus: attaches to files; spreads when the file runs.
    • Worm: self-replicates across networks without user action.
    • Trojan: looks legitimate but contains malicious code.
    • Spyware: monitors activity and steals information (e.g., passwords).
    • Ransomware: encrypts files and demands payment for decryption.

    Phishing and social engineering

    Phishing uses fake emails/messages to trick users into giving passwords or clicking malicious links. Social engineering is the broader term: manipulating people rather than hacking technology. Examples include pretexting (โ€œIโ€™m IT supportโ€), baiting (infected USB), and tailgating (following into a secure building).

    Brute-force attacks

    A brute-force attack tries many passwords until one works. Weak passwords are vulnerable, especially if there is no account lockout.

    SQL injection

    SQL injection occurs when a system inserts user input directly into a database query without sanitising it. Attackers can manipulate queries to access or delete data. OCR may ask you to explain how validation and sanitisation reduce this risk.

    Denial of Service (DoS/DDoS)

    A DoS attack overwhelms a system with traffic so it cannot respond to real users. A DDoS uses many devices (often a botnet) to make the attack more powerful.

    5.3 Preventing attacks

    Authentication

    • Password policies: length, complexity, no common words.
    • Two-factor authentication (2FA): something you know + something you have/are.
    • Biometrics: fingerprint/face ID (convenient but may have false positives/negatives).

    Encryption

    Encryption scrambles data so only someone with the key can read it. It protects confidentiality. HTTPS uses encryption so data sent to websites cannot easily be intercepted.

    Firewalls

    A firewall monitors incoming/outgoing traffic and blocks suspicious connections based on rules. It can be hardware (network firewall) or software (on a device).

    Penetration testing

    Pen testers (ethical hackers) attempt to find vulnerabilities before criminals do. Results are used to improve security.

    Software updates

    Updates patch vulnerabilities. Unpatched systems are a common reason attacks succeed.

    5.4 Common vulnerabilities (OCR angle)

    • Weak passwords
    • Outdated software
    • Misconfigured permissions
    • Unsecured Wi-Fi
    • Human error (opening malicious attachments)

    End-of-Chapter Questions (Security)

    1. Define malware and give two types. (3)
    2. Explain how a firewall helps protect a network. (3)
    3. Explain why encryption is important on public Wi-Fi. (4)
    4. Describe a SQL injection attack and one prevention method. (6)

    CHAPTER 6 โ€” Systems Software (1.5)

    6.1 Operating system: what it is and why it exists

    An operating system (OS) is system software that manages hardware and provides services for applications. Without an OS, users would have to control hardware directly, which is complex. The OS acts as an interface between user, applications, and hardware.

    6.2 OS functions (OCR core list)

    Memory management

    The OS allocates RAM to programs. It keeps track of which memory locations are free or in use. With virtual memory, it also manages paging.

    Process management (multitasking)

    The OS manages running programs (processes). It schedules CPU time so multiple programs appear to run at once. This is done using rapid switching (context switching).

    Peripheral management

    The OS uses device drivers to communicate with peripherals like printers, keyboards, and screens. Drivers translate OS commands into signals the device understands.

    File management

    The OS organises files into folders/directories, tracks file locations, manages permissions, and handles storage devices.

    User interface

    The OS provides a GUI (windows, icons, menus) or a CLI (typed commands). CLI can be faster for experts and uses less memory.

    Security management

    The OS manages user accounts, permissions, and access control to protect data and prevent unauthorised use.

    6.3 Utility software

    Utility software maintains and optimises a computer system. OCR questions often ask for examples and purposes:

    • Antivirus: detects and removes malware.
    • Backup: copies files so they can be restored after loss.
    • Disk defragmenter: reorganises files on HDD to improve speed (not needed for SSDs).
    • Compression tools: reduce file size (ZIP).
    • Disk cleanup: removes temporary files to free space.
    • Encryption tools: protect confidentiality.

    End-of-Chapter Questions (Systems Software)

    1. Explain two functions of an operating system. (4)
    2. Explain why defragmentation improves HDD performance. (3)
    3. Compare GUI and CLI. (6)

    CHAPTER 7 โ€” Ethical, Legal, Cultural & Environmental Impacts (1.6)

    7.1 Why OCR asks โ€œimpactsโ€ questions

    Technology affects society. OCR rewards balanced answers: you must usually describe both benefits and drawbacks. High-mark responses use structure (PEEL) and apply to a scenario (e.g., facial recognition in schools, data collection by apps).

    7.2 Legal issues (UK focus)

    Data Protection Act 2018 and GDPR

    These laws protect personal data. Organisations must collect data fairly, store it securely, and use it for stated purposes. People have rights such as access to their data and asking for correction. Data breaches can lead to fines and reputational damage.

    Computer Misuse Act 1990

    This law covers hacking and unauthorised access. It includes:

    • Unauthorised access to computer material
    • Unauthorised access with intent to commit further offences
    • Unauthorised modification of data (e.g., installing malware)

    Copyright, Designs and Patents Act

    Protects creators. Illegal downloading and copying software/music without permission is copyright infringement.

    7.3 Ethical issues

    • Privacy: tracking users without clear consent.
    • Bias: algorithms can discriminate if training data is unrepresentative.
    • Ownership: who owns data created by users?
    • Automation: job losses vs efficiency gains.

    7.4 Cultural issues

    • Online communities can increase inclusion, but also enable harassment.
    • Digital divide: some groups lack access to devices/internet.
    • Social media changes communication styles and can affect mental health.

    7.5 Environmental issues

    • E-waste: discarded devices contain toxic materials.
    • Energy usage: data centres consume significant electricity.
    • Resource extraction: rare earth metals mining impacts ecosystems.

    7.6 Open source vs proprietary (OCR favourite comparison)

    Open source

    • Source code is available.
    • Can be modified and redistributed.
    • Often free; community support.
    • Security can be strong because code is reviewed, but responsibility for updates varies.

    Proprietary

    • Source code hidden.
    • Paid licences are common.
    • Professional support and controlled updates.
    • Users cannot legally modify or redistribute.

    End-of-Chapter Questions (Impacts)

    1. Explain two ways GDPR affects how companies store user data. (4)
    2. Discuss the ethical issues of facial recognition in public places. (6)
    3. Evaluate the environmental impacts of upgrading smartphones every year. (8)

    CHAPTER 8 โ€” Algorithms (2.1)

    8.1 What is an algorithm?

    An algorithm is a step-by-step method for solving a problem. A good algorithm is clear, correct, and efficient. OCR expects you to understand algorithms in pseudocode and be able to trace them.

    8.2 Computational thinking

    Decomposition

    Breaking a big problem into smaller manageable parts (subtasks). In programming this often becomes functions/subprograms.

    Abstraction

    Removing unnecessary detail so you focus on what matters. For example, representing a school timetable as a set of lessons rather than the full school.

    Pattern recognition

    Spotting similarities with previous problems so you can reuse solutions.

    Algorithmic thinking

    Developing clear steps, testing them, and refining.

    8.3 Representing algorithms

    • Flowcharts: visual representation.
    • Pseudocode: structured English close to code (OCR uses this heavily).
    • Trace tables: track variable values step-by-step.

    8.4 Searching algorithms

    Linear search

    Linear search checks each item one by one until it finds a match or reaches the end. It works on any list (sorted or unsorted) but can be slow for large lists.

    Binary search

    Binary search repeatedly halves the search space. It is much faster but requires the list to be sorted.

    Common OCR mark: โ€œBinary search needs sorted data, otherwise it may miss the target.โ€

    8.5 Sorting algorithms

    Bubble sort

    Bubble sort compares adjacent items and swaps them if they are in the wrong order. It repeats passes until the list is sorted. It is easy to understand but inefficient for large lists (O(nยฒ)).

    Insertion sort

    Insertion sort builds a sorted portion gradually. Each new element is inserted into its correct position. It is fast when data is nearly sorted.

    Merge sort (divide and conquer)

    Merge sort splits the list into halves until single elements remain, then merges them back in sorted order. It is efficient for large lists (O(n log n)).

    8.6 Efficiency (OCR basics)

    Efficiency is about time and resources. OCR expects you to compare algorithms using ideas like โ€œnumber of comparisonsโ€ and how performance changes as data size grows.

    End-of-Chapter Questions (Algorithms)

    1. Explain why binary search is faster than linear search on large lists. (3)
    2. State one reason merge sort is more efficient than bubble sort for large datasets. (2)
    3. Trace the following pseudocode using a trace table. (6)

    CHAPTER 9 โ€” Programming Fundamentals (2.2)

    9.1 Core programming constructs

    Sequence

    Instructions executed in order.

    Selection

    Choosing between paths using IF statements.

    Iteration

    Repeating a section of code using loops (FOR, WHILE).

    9.2 Data types and variables

    A variable stores a value that can change. Data types include integer, real/float, Boolean, character, string. Using correct types reduces errors and improves clarity.

    9.3 Operators

    • Arithmetic: + - * / // %
    • Comparison: == != < > <= >=
    • Logical: AND OR NOT

    9.4 Strings (OCR practical skills)

    Strings are sequences of characters. Common operations include length, slicing, concatenation, and searching.

    name = "Alice Smith"
    print(len(name))        # 11
    print(name[0:5])        # Alice
    print("Smith" in name)  # True
    

    9.5 Arrays and 2D arrays

    An array stores multiple values under one name. A 2D array is a table (rows and columns). OCR sometimes uses 2D arrays for game boards or seating plans.

    board = [
      ["X","O"," "],
      [" ","X","O"],
      ["O"," ","X"]
    ]
    print(board[1][1])  # X
    

    9.6 Subprograms (procedures and functions)

    Subprograms help manage complexity. They reduce repetition and improve maintainability. A function returns a value; a procedure does not.

    9.7 SQL basics (OCR simple queries)

    SQL is used to query databases. OCR expects you to read and write simple SELECT statements with WHERE and ORDER BY.

    SELECT name, age
    FROM students
    WHERE age > 16
    ORDER BY name;
    

    End-of-Chapter Questions (Programming Fundamentals)

    1. Explain the difference between a procedure and a function. (2)
    2. Write a loop that repeats until the user enters a number 1โ€“10. (4)
    3. Describe how a 2D array could represent a chessboard. (3)

    CHAPTER 10 โ€” Producing Robust Programs (2.3)

    10.1 Why programs fail

    Programs fail due to user input, unexpected conditions, and programmer mistakes. Robust programs are designed to handle errors safely rather than crashing or producing incorrect results.

    10.2 Types of error

    Syntax errors

    Breaking language rules (missing colon, wrong indentation). Program will not run.

    Runtime errors

    Errors during execution (division by zero, file not found). Program stops unless handled.

    Logic errors

    Program runs but gives wrong output because the algorithm is incorrect.

    10.3 Validation and authentication

    Validation methods

    • Range check
    • Type check
    • Length check
    • Presence check
    • Format check (e.g., email contains @)

    Authentication

    Checking a user is who they claim to be (passwords, biometrics, 2FA).

    10.4 Testing strategies

    • Normal: typical valid inputs
    • Boundary/extreme: min/max values
    • Invalid: wrong type, out of range

    10.5 Maintainability

    • Meaningful variable names
    • Comments that explain why, not just what
    • Modular code (subprograms)
    • Constants for fixed values
    • Consistent indentation

    CHAPTER 11 โ€” Boolean Logic (2.4)

    11.1 Boolean values

    Boolean values are True or False. They are used in conditions and logic circuits.

    11.2 Logic gates

    • NOT
    • AND
    • OR
    • XOR
    • NAND
    • NOR

    11.3 Truth tables (how to answer OCR questions)

    A truth table lists every possible input combination and the output. For two inputs A and B, there are 4 combinations: 00, 01, 10, 11.

    XOR outputs True only when inputs are different.

    End-of-Chapter Questions (Boolean)

    1. Complete the truth table for A NAND B. (3)
    2. Explain why NAND is called a universal gate. (2)
    3. Design a logic circuit that outputs 1 only when both inputs are the same. (6)

    CHAPTER 12 โ€” Programming Languages & IDEs (2.5)

    12.1 Levels of programming language

    Machine code

    Binary instructions executed directly by the CPU. Fast but difficult for humans.

    Assembly language

    Low-level language using mnemonics. Needs an assembler. Easier than machine code but still hardware-specific.

    High-level languages

    Closer to English and portable. Examples: Python, Java, C#. Need translators to run.

    12.2 Translators

    Compiler

    Translates the entire program into machine code before running. Produces an executable. Errors shown after compilation. Often faster at runtime.

    Interpreter

    Translates and runs line-by-line. Errors appear as soon as the faulty line is reached. Often easier for debugging.

    Assembler

    Translates assembly language into machine code.

    12.3 IDE features

    • Code editor with syntax highlighting
    • Auto-complete
    • Debugger and breakpoints
    • Error diagnostics
    • Run/build tools

    End-of-Chapter Questions (Languages/IDEs)

    1. Compare a compiler and an interpreter. (6)
    2. Explain two benefits of using an IDE. (4)

    FINAL WHOLE-COURSE PRACTICE (OCR STYLE)

    Mixed short questions (1โ€“3 marks)

    1. State the purpose of the DNS. (1)
    2. State one advantage of HTTPS over HTTP. (1)
    3. Give one example of utility software and its purpose. (2)
    4. Define a brute-force attack. (2)
    5. State one difference between RAM and ROM. (2)

    6-mark questions

    • Explain how a router and switch are used in a home network. (6)
    • Discuss the ethical and legal impacts of a social media company collecting location data. (6)
    • Explain validation and describe three validation checks for a school login system. (6)

    8-mark evaluation (Paper 1 style)

    A school wants to replace desktop computers with tablets for all students. Evaluate this decision. Your answer should include technical, security, cost, and environmental points. (8)


    Answer Structure Tips (How to hit top bands)
    • 2โ€“3 marks: define + one clear explanation
    • 4โ€“6 marks: multiple linked points + correct terminology
    • 8 marks: balanced evaluation + conclusion justified by the scenario

    Done. You now have the remaining chapters in full textbook style for OCR J277.


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