@About this App@Contributers@DeveloperACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) TestingAIDS Dementia Complex (HIV)AIDS HIV InfectionAPGAR Scoring (Children)APTT and CoagulationAbacavirAbataceptAbbreviated Mental Test Score (AMTS)AbciximabAbdominal Aortic AneurysmAbdominal paracentesis for ascitesAbducent NerveAbetalipoproteinaemiaAbnormal Vaginal bleedingAcamprosateAcanthocytosisAcanthosis NigricansAcarboseAccelerated Idioventricular RhythmAcetazolamideAcetylcholine Receptor AntibodiesAcetylcholinesterase inhibitorsAchalasiaAchilles Tendon ruptureAchondroplasia (Children)AciclovirAcid maltase deficiency (Pompe disease)Acne RosaceaAcne VulgarisAcoustic Neuroma (Schwannoma)Acrodermatitis enteropathica (Children)Acromegaly and GiantismAcromio-clavicular jointActinomyces israeliAction PotentialActivated CharcoalActrapid (Insulin)Acute Abdominal Pain - Acute PeritonitisAcute Acalculous CholecystitisAcute Anaphylactoid ReactionsAcute AnaphylaxisAcute Angle Closure GlaucomaAcute AppendicitisAcute Bacterial MeningitisAcute BronchitisAcute CholangitisAcute CholecystitisAcute Colonic Pseudo-obstructionAcute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) GeneralAcute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) NSTEMI USAAcute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) STEMIAcute Coronary Syndrome (Cardiac Troponins)Acute Coronary Syndrome Grace scoreAcute DeliriumAcute Disc lesionsAcute Disseminated EncephalomyelitisAcute Diverticulitis - Diverticular diseaseAcute Dystonic ReactionAcute EncephalitisAcute Eosinophilic PneumoniaAcute EpiglottitisAcute Exacerbation of COPDAcute HepatitisAcute HydrocephalusAcute HypotensionAcute InflammationAcute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP)Acute Interstitial nephritisAcute Kidney Injury (AKI)Acute Limb IschaemiaAcute Liver FailureAcute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)Acute MastoiditisAcute MonoarthritisAcute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML)Acute MyocarditisAcute PancreatitisAcute Pelvic Inflammatory DiseaseAcute PericarditisAcute Phase reactantsAcute PorphyriasAcute Promyelocytic LeukaemiaAcute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Adults)Acute Retroviral Syndrome (HIV)Acute RhabdomyolysisAcute Rheumatic feverAcute Rotator cuff tearAcute Severe AsthmaAcute Severe ColitisAcute SinusitisAcute Stroke Assessment (ROSIER&NIHSS)Acute TonsilitisAcute Urinary RetentionAcute and Chronic GoutAcute and Chronic Heart FailureAcute on Chronic Liver Disease DecompensationAcutely Ill PatientAdalimumabAddenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACER)Addison Disease (Adrenal Insufficiency)AdefovirAdenosineAdenosine deaminase deficiencyAdhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)Adjustment - Anxiety disordersAdrenal AntibodiesAdrenal PhysiologyAdrenaline (Epinephrine)AdrenoleukodystrophyAdrenomyeloneuropathyAdult Onset Still's DiseaseAfrican Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness)Age related macular degenerationAicardi syndromeAir EmbolismAlbuminAlbumin-Protein Creatinine Ratio (PCR)Alcohol AbuseAlcohol Withdrawal (Delirium Tremens)Alcoholic (Steato)HepatitisAlcoholic KetoacidosisAldosterone PhysiologyAlendronate (Alendronic acid)AlfacalcidolAlkaline phosphatase (ALP)Alkalinisation of urineAlkaptonuriaAllergic Bronchopulmonary AspergillosisAllogeneic stem cell transplantationAllopurinolAlogliptin (Vipidia)AlopeciaAlpha FetoproteinAlpha ThalassaemiaAlpha subunit (ASU) of TSHAlpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiencyAlport's SyndromeAlteplaseAltitude sicknessAluminium and Magnesium AntacidsAlveolar Gas EquationAlzheimer disease (Dementia)AmantadineAmenorrhoeaAmerican Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)AmilorideAmino acidsAminoglycosidesAminophyllineAminosalicylatesAmiodaroneAmiodarone and Thyroid diseaseAmitriptylineAmlodipineAmmonia EncephalopathyAmnestic syndromesAmoebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica)AmoxicillinAmphetamine toxicityAmphotericin BAmpicillinAnaemia of Chronic DiseaseAnagrelideAnakinraAnal CancerAndexanet alfaAndrogen insensitivity syndromeAneurysmsAngina bullosa haemorrhagicaAngiodysplasiaAngiomyolipomaAngioneurotic OedemaAngiotensin Converting Enzyme InhibitorsAngiotensin Converting enzyme (ACE)Angular Stomatitis - CheilitisAnion GapAnkle and Foot fractures and InjuriesAnkle-Brachial pressure Index (ABPI)Ankylosing spondylitisAnorexia NervosaAntacid medicationAntepartum haemorrhageAnterior Horn Cell diseasesAnterior circulationAnti Dementia DrugsAnti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide (CCP) AntibodyAnti-D immunoglobulinAnti-Hu antibodiesAnti-OKT3 antibodiesAnti-RNP AntibodyAnti-Yo antibodiesAnti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)Antibiotics for Abdominal InfectionsAnticholinergic BurdenAnticholinergic syndromeAnticipationAnticoagulation and AntithromboticsAntidiuretic hormone (Vasopressin)Antigen presenting cellsAntimicrobial ChoicesAntimuscarinic drugsAntiphospholipid syndromeAntithrombin III deficiency (AT3)Aorta anatomyAortic DissectionAortic Regurgitation (Incompetence)Aortic SclerosisAortic StenosisAortoenteric fistulaApathetic thyrotoxicosisApixabanAplastic anaemiaApomorphineAppendix Cancer TumoursApproach to Assessing Sick ChildApproach to child with Acute GastroenteritisApproach to child with respiratory DistressArnold Chiari malformationArrhythmogenic Right ventricular CardiomyopathyArtemisininsArterial Blood gas analysisArterial Pulse assessmentArterial blood gas samplingArterial vs Venous vs Other Leg UlcersArteriovenous malformationsArtery of Percheron strokeArtery-to-artery embolic strokeArtesunateAsbestos Related Lung diseaseAscites Assessment and ManagementAspergillomaAspergillus fumigatusAspirinAspirin Salicylates toxicityAssessing Abdominal PainAssessing BreathlessnessAssessing Chest PainAssessing FallsAsteatotic eczemaAsthmaAstigmatismAstrocytomasAsystoleAtaxia TelangiectasiaAtazanavirAtenololAtherosclerosisAtopic Eczema or Atopic DermatitisAtorvastatinAtracuriumAtrial Ectopic beatsAtrial Fibrillation (Chemical cardioversion)Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)Atrial fibrillation (AF)Atrial flutterAtrial myxomaAtrial septal defect (ASD)Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardiaAtropine SulfateAutoantibodiesAutoimmune Haemolytic anaemia (AIHA)Autoimmune HepatitisAutonomic neuropathyAutosomal DominantAutosomal Dominant Polycystic kidney diseaseAutosomal RecessiveAzathioprineAzithromycinB lymphocytesBRCA genes (Familial Breast Cancer)Bacillus anthracisBacillus cereus poisoningBackpain / BackacheBaclofenBacteriaBacteroides fragilisBalanitis (Adults)Balanitis (Children)Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN)Balsalazide (Aminosalicylate)Barrett's oesophagusBartonellaBartters syndromeBasal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)Basic Fracture managementBasilar artery thrombosisBecker Muscular dystrophyBeclometasoneBeer PotomaniaBehavioural and Psychological Symptoms of DementiaBehcet's syndromeBell's palsyBendroflumethiazide (Bendrofluazide)Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)Benign Prostatic HyperplasiaBenign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasisBenzodiazepine ToxicityBenzodiazepinesBenzylpenicillin Sodium (Penicillin G)Berg Balance ScaleBeriplexBerylliosisBeta AgonistsBeta Blocker toxicityBeta ThalassaemiaBeta-2 MicroglobulinBeta-lactamasesBetahistine (Serc)BezafibrateBiceps ruptureBilateral adrenalectomyBiliary atresiaBilirubinBiochemical Lab valuesBisacodylBisoprololBisphosphonatesBladder CancerBladder StonesBleedingBleeding disordersBleeding due to DrugsBleomycinBlindness - global causesBlood products - Packed cells blood transfusionBlood Products - CryoprecipitateBlood Products - Fresh Frozen PlasmaBlood Products - PlateletsBlood film interpretationBlood gas valuesBloody DiarrhoeaBlotting Techniques: Gel ElectrophoresisBone Marrow TransplantationBone disease Lab resultsBone metabolism RANK RANKL OPG pathwayBone scintigraphy (Bone scan)Bordetella pertussis - Whooping coughBorrelia burgdorferiBorrelia recurrentisBotulismBrachial neuritis (neuralgic amyotrophy)Brachial plexus anatomyBrachial plexus and associated injuryBrain AbscessBrain Anatomy and functionBrain MRIBrain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)Brain PhysiologyBrain Tumours (Cancer)Brainstem anatomyBranchial cleft cystBreast CancerBreast FibroadenomaBretyliumBroad complex TachycardiaBromocriptineBronchial adenomaBronchiectasisBronchiolitisBronchoscopyBrown-Sequard syndromeBrucellaBrugada syndromeBudd-Chiari syndromeBudesonideBuerger disease (Thromboangiitis obliterans )Bulbar vs Pseudobulbar palsyBulimia NervosaBullous PemphigoidBumetanideBunionsBuprenorphineBupropionBurkholderia cepaciaBurkitt's lymphomaBurnsBusulphan (Busulfan)ByssinosisC reactive protein (CRP)CADASILCARASILCHADS2 - CHA2DS2-VASc scoreCMV retinitisCNS fungal InfectionsCNS infectionsCSF RhinorrhoeaCT Head Basics (Stroke)CT Pulmonary angiogram (CTPA)CT imaging basics for StrokeCURB 65 scoreCabergolineCaecal VolvulusCaisson Disease - Decompression sicknessCalcitoninCalcitriol (1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol)Calcium Chloride or GluconateCalcium PhysiologyCalcium Pyrophosphate Deposition (Pseudogout)Calcium ResoniumCalcium channel blockers toxicityCalot's triangleCampylobacterCancer of Unknown PrimarCandesartanCandidiasisCannabis toxicityCapecitabineCapnocytophaga canimorsusCapnographyCapreomycinCaptopriCarbamazepineCarbapenemase-producing EnterobacteriaceaeCarbimazoleCarbon monoxide poisoningCarcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)Carcinoid Heart DiseaseCarcinoid Tumour SyndromeCarcinoma of the Bile DuctCarcinoma of the GallbladderCardiac Amyloid heart diseaseCardiac Anatomy and PhysiologyCardiac Catheter ablationCardiac InfectionsCardiac MRICardiac Resynchronisation Therapy (CRT) PacemakerCardiac Valve replacementCardioembolic strokeCardiogenic Pulmonary OedemaCardiogenic shockCardiology - History TakingCardiology Exam ListCardiology ExaminationCardiology Valves SummaryCardiopulmonary bypassCarmustineCarotid Artery anatomyCarotid Body TumourCarotid EndarterectomyCarotid Sinus SyncopeCarotid StentingCarotid artery DissectionCarotid sinus massageCarpal tunnel syndromeCarvedilolCase 01 Sudden weaknessCase 02 Loss of speechCase 03 Adult male weak legsCase 04 High calciumCase 05 High Potassium and heart failureCase 06 High calcium and weight lossCase 07 Weak eyesCase 08 Weak faceCase 09 A cause of DeliriumCase 10 Older patient presenting post strokeCase 11 Young patient with acute headacheCase 20 Young patient with acute headacheCase 21 HypoglycaemiaCase 22Case 23 Old man with tremorCase 24 Cancer and weakCase 99 (Acute breathlessness)Case TemplateCat Scratch DiseaseCataractCatheter Related Urinary Tract infection UTICatheter related Blood stream infectionCatheter related UTICauda equina syndromeCaudate NucleusCauses of Airway ObstructionCauses of Avascular Necrosis of Femoral headCauses of Sore throatCauses of WeaknessCavernous angiomas (Cavernomas)Cavernous sinusCavernous sinus thrombosisCefaclorCefalexinCefotaximeCeftazidimeCeftriaxoneCefuroximeCelecoxibCell Response to InjuryCellular Anatomy and PhysiologyCellulitisCentral Cord SyndromeCentral Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)Central Retinal artery Occlusion (CRAO)Central Venous line InsertionCentral pontine myelinolysisCephalosporinsCerebellar Anatomy Physiology Signs DiseaseCerebellar HaemorrhageCerebellar StrokeCerebral Amyloid angiopathy (CAA)Cerebral AneurysmsCerebral AngiitisCerebral Atrophy vs HydrocephalusCerebral CortexCerebral MetastasesCerebral PalsyCerebral PerfusionCerebral Salt WastingCerebral Venous Sinus thrombosisCerebral arteritisCerebral microbleedsCervical Cancer screeningCervical Spine injuryCervical cancerCervical spondylosisCetirizineChancroidCharcot Foot Syndrome (CFS)Charcot Marie Tooth (CMT) diseaseChediak Higashi syndromeChest Abdomen anatomyChest X Ray #1Chest X Ray InterpretationChest drain InsertionChlamydia - Chlamydophila pneumoniaeChlamydia psittaciChlamydia trachomatisChlorambucilChloramphenicolChlordiazepoxideChloroquineChlorphenamine(Chlorpheniramine)ChlorpromazineCholangiocarcinomaCholera (Vibrio cholera)Cholestatic JaundiceCholesteatomaCholesterol - LipidsCholinergic crisis-syndromeChondrocalcinosisChorea - BallismusChoreoacanthocytosisChromosome instability syndromesChronic BronchitisChronic HepatitisChronic InflammationChronic Inflammatory Demyelinating polyneuropathyChronic Interstitial NephritisChronic Kidney Disease (CKD)Chronic Lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)Chronic PancreatitisChronic PeritonitisChronic Radiation EnteritisChronic Urinary RetentionChronic Vision Uni-Bilateral loss (Blindness)Chronic and recurrent MeningitisChronic liver diseaseChronic mucocutaneous candidiasisChronic stable anginaChylomicronsCiclosporinCimetidineCinacalcetCiprofloxacinCirrhosisCisplatinCitalopramCladribineClarithromycinCleft lip or palateClindamycinClopidogrelClostridium botulinumClostridium difficileClostridium perfringensClostridium tetani - TetanusClotrimazole creamClotting pathwaysClozapineCo Careldopa (Sinemet)Co-Amoxiclav (Augmentin)Co-Beneldopa (Madopar)Co-codamolCo-trimoxazoleCoagulopathyCoal Worker's PneumoconiosisCoarctation of the Aorta (CoA aortopathy)Cocaine abuseCocaine induced chest painCocaine toxicityCoccidioidomycosisCodeineCoeliac diseaseCogan SyndromeColchicineCold Agglutinin Disease (CAD/AIHA)CollagenColloid cyst in the third ventricleColloidsColonic (Large bowel) ObstructionColonoscopyColorectal cancerColorectal polypsColposcopyComa managementCombined Oral contraceptive pill (COCP)Common Peroneal Nerve (CPN)Common variable immunodeficiencyComparing Rheumatoid and OsteoarthritisComplementComprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA)Confirming DeathCongenital Acyanotic Heart Disease (Children)Congenital Adrenal hyperplasiaCongenital Complete Heart BlockCongenital Cyanotic Heart Disease (Children)Congenital HypothyroidismCongenital Talipes Equinovarus - ClubfootConstipationConstrictive PericarditisContact allergic dermatitisContinuous Positive Airways Pressure (CPAP)Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysisContraceptionConus Medullaris syndromeCor PulmonaleCoronary artery bypass graft surgeryCoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID 19Corticobasal degeneration (Dementia)Corticosteroid-related psychosisCorticosteroidsCorynebacterium diphtheriaeCotard delusionCoxiella BurnetiiCranial nerves and examinationCraniopharyngiomaCreatinine ClearanceCremation forms (UK)Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (Dementia)Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic feverCritical illness neuromuscular weaknessCrohn's diseaseCroupCryptococcus neoformans infectionsCryptogenic Fibrosing AlveolitisCryptogenic Organising Pneumonia (COP-BOOP)CryptosporidiosisCrysal arthritisCrystalloidsCushing diseaseCushing syndromeCutaneous LeishmaniasisCyanide toxicityCyanosis - Central and PeripheralCyclizineCyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzymesCyclophosphamideCycloserineCys leukotriene receptor antagonistsCystic FibrosisCystinosisCystinuriaCytokinesCytomegalovirus infectionsD DimerDNA and RNA short notesDNA replicationDabigatranDalteparinDandy Walker syndromeDantroleneDapagliflozinDarier's DiseaseDarunavirDeQuervain's thyroiditisDeath Certificates (UK)Deep brain stimulationDeep vein thrombosis (DVT)Dehydration PhysiologyDelayed Puberty CriteriaDemeclocyclineDementia with Lewy bodiesDementiasDemyelinating DiseasesDengue FeverDenosumab (Prolia)Dental AnatomyDentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophyDepressionDermatitis HerpetiformisDermatology termsDermatomesDermatomyositisDermoid cystsDesferrioxamineDesmopressin (DDAVP)Desogestrel (Progestogen Only Pill)Developmental Dislocation (Dysplasia) of the HipDevelopmental MilestonesDexamethasoneDiGeorge syndrome (thymic aplasia)Diabetes Insipidus (Cranial and Nephrogenic)Diabetes Mellitus Type 1Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 and DKA (children)Diabetes Mellitus Type 2Diabetes Mellitus in pregnancyDiabetes on the wardDiabetic Autonomic Neuropathy (DAN)Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) AdultsDiabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) with SGLT2 InhibitorsDiabetic NephropathyDiabetic RetinopathyDiabetic amyotrophyDiabetic footDiamond-Blackfan anaemiaDiamorphineDiaphragmatic disordersDiarrhoeaDiazepamDidanosine (ddI)DiethylstilbestrolDifferentials causes of Foot DropDifferentials of ABCDifferentials of Generalised lymphadenopathyDifferentials of Painful thighDifferentials of XXXDiffuse Oesophageal spasmDiffuse large B-cell lymphomaDiffusion CapacityDigoxinDigoxin ToxicityDihydrocodeineDilated cardiomyopathyDiltiazemDiphtheriaDipyridamoleDischarges against adviceDiscoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)Disease templateDiseases with associated cancersDislocation Sternoclaivcular jointDisopyramideDisseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)Distributive ShockDisulfiram (Antabuse)DobutamineDog BitesDog Bites HandDominant R wave in V1DomperidoneDonepezil (Aricept)DonovanosisDopamine HydrochlorideDopamine agonistsDown's syndrome (Trisomy 21)DoxapramDoxazosin (Cardura)DoxepinDoxorubicin (Adriamycin)DoxycyclineDrivingDrowningDrug Induced Parkinson diseaseDrug Reaction Eosinophilia Systemic Symptoms DRESSDrug TemplateDrug Toxicity - clinical assessmentDrug Toxicity with Specific AntidotesDrug induced Lupus ErythematosusDrug induced liver diseaseDrugsDrugs ListDrugs to Avoid in Acute Renal failureDrugs to avoid ElderlyDrugs to avoid in Liver failureDry and Wet GangreneDual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)Duchenne muscular dystrophyDulaglutide GLP-1 agonistDuloxetineDuodenal Atresia (Children)Dupuytrens contractureDysenteryDysphagiaECG - Acute Coronary SyndromeECG - Acute ST Elevation Myocardial InfarctionECG - Atrial fibrillationECG - Atrial flutterECG - BasicsECG - Broad complex tachycardia (possible VT)ECG - Brugada syndromeECG - Causes of a Dominant R wave in V1ECG - Early Repolarisation vs STEMIECG - First degree AV BlockECG - Heart BlockECG - HyperkalaemiaECG - InterpretationECG - Ischaemic Heart DiseaseECG - Left Axis DeviationECG - Left Bundle Branch Block LBBBECG - Left Ventricular HypertrophyECG - Low Voltage ComplexesECG - Narrow complex tachycardiaECG - Normal appearanceECG - Pathological Q wavesECG - QT intervalECG - Right Axis DeviationECG - Right Bundle Branch Block RBBBECG - ST-T T waves changesECG - Supraventricular tachycardia ECG - The QRS complexECG - Tutorial from Queens UniversityECG - Ventricular fibrillationECG - Ventricular tachycardiaECG - Wolff Parkinson White syndrome (WPW)ECG - short PR intervalECG - sinus pauseECG - tall R wave V1ENT Exam - Assessing hearingENT infectionsEbola Virus DiseaseEbstein anomalyEchinocytesEchocardiogramEcstasy toxicityEctopia lentis (subluxation of the lens)Ectopic PregnancyEctropionEculizumabEdoxaban (Lixiana)Edward syndrome (trisomy 18 syndrome)Efavirenz (Sustiva) EFVEhlers-Danlos syndromesEhrlichiosisEikenella corrodensEisenmenger's syndrome (Children)Elbow fractures and InjuriesElectrical injuryEloquent brainEmergency DrugsEmphysemaEmpty sella syndromeEmtricitabine (Emtriva) FTCEnalaprilEnd of Life Care PrescribingEndocarditis and StrokeEndocrinology Lab valuesEndometrial (Uterine) CancerEndometriosisEndoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography XEndothelinsEnfuvirtideEnoxaparin Sodium (Clexane-Lovenox)EnoximoneEntacaponeEnterococciEnteropathic SpondyloarthritisEnzyme inducers and inhibitorsEosinophilic granulomatosis (Churg Strauss)EpendymomaEpidural HaematomaEpidural abscessEpilepsy - General ManagementEpilepsy - Idiopathic Generalised EpilepsyEpilepsy - Mesial temporal lobe epilepsyEpilepsy - Post TraumaticEpilepsy in PregnancyEpiscleritisEpistaxisEplerenoneEponymous brainstem strokesEpstein-Barr Virus infectionEquivalent doses of OpiatesErb PalsyErgocalciferol (Calciferol)Erlotinib (Tarceva)Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiaeErythema MultiformeErythema NodosumErythrocyte Sedimentation rate (ESR)ErythrocytesErythrodermic PsoriasisErythromycinEscherichia coliEscitalopramEsomeprazoleEssential Thrombocythaemia (ET)Essential TremorEtanerceptEthambutolEthanolEthanol toxicityEthylene glycol toxicityEtomidateEtravirine (intelence) ETREwing sarcomaExenatide (Byetta) GLP1 agonistExercise stress testExploding head syndromeExtradural haematomaExtrapyramidal symptomsExtrinsic Allergic alveolitis (Hypersensitivity)Eye infectionsEzetimibeFabry diseaseFacial NerveFacioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophyFactor V Leiden DeficiencyFaecal CalprotectinFahr syndromeFailure to thrive or Faltering growthFamilial Adenomatous polyposis (FAP)Familial AmyloidosisFamilial HypercholesterolaemiaFamilial Mediterranean Fever (FMF)Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH)Family Tree (Pedigree)FamotidineFanconi AnaemiaFanconi SyndromeFat embolismFatigue - CausesFatty acidsFebrile seizuresFelodipine (Dihydropyridine)Femoral HerniaFemoral triangleFemur fractures and InuriesFentanyl - FentanilFerritinFerrous Fumarate - Gluconate - SulphateFetal Alcohol SyndromeFetal circulationFever - Pyrexia of unknown origin (FUO PUO)Fever in a travellerFibratesFibrinogenFibromuscular dysplasiaFibromyalgiaFidaxomicinFinasteride (5 alpha-reductase inhibitor)First SeizureFitz-Hugh Curtis SyndromeFlail ChestFlecainide AcetateFlexor sheath infection (flexor tenosynovitis)FlucloxacillinFluconazoleFlucytosineFludrocortisoneFluid balances statusFlumazenil (Annexate - Romazicon)FluoxetineFocal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)Foix-Alajouanine syndromeFolate (Folic) acidFolate deficiencyFolinic acid (Leucovorin)FomepizoleFondaparinuxFood borne diseaseFoscarnet SodiumFosfomycinFosphenytoinFoster Kennedy SyndromeFournier's gangreneFracture TemplateFractured ClavicleFractured Neck of FemurFractured Pubic RamusFractured ScapulaFractured Shaft FemurFractured Tibia and FibulaFractures Shaft HumerusFractures in ChildrenFractures of Upper humerusFragile X syndromeFrailtyFraser guidelines and Gillick CompetenceFree RadicalsFriedreich's AtaxiaFrontotemporal dementiaFull or Complete Blood Count (FBC CBC)FungiFurosemide (Frusemide)Fusidic acidFusobacteria - Tropical ulcerFusobacteriumG protein-coupled receptorsGP Emergency Drugs CarriedGabapentinGalactorrhoeaGalantamineGamete intra-fallopian tube transfer (GIFT)Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)Gamma hydroxy butyrate (GHB) toxicityGanciclovir - ValganciclovirGardner syndromeGardnerella vaginalisGas GangreneGastric (MALT) LymphomaGastric CancerGastric Outlet obstruction (pyloric stenosis)GastrinomaGastro Intestinal Stromal Tumours (GIST)Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux (Adult GORD)Gastro-Oesophgeal Reflux (Paediatrics GORD)GastroenteritisGastroenterology Exam ListsGastroenterology ExaminationGastroenterology HistoryGastroenterology assessment - JaundiceGastrointestinal anatomy and physiologyGastrointestinal perforationGastrostomy (PEG) tubesGaucher's diseaseGene componentsGenetic DiseasesGentamicinGiardiasisGilbert's syndromeGingival (Gum) hyperplasia-hypertrophyGitelman's syndromeGlasgow Blatchford ScoreGlasgow Coma scaleGlatiramer acetate (Copaxone)GlibenclamideGliclazideGlimepirideGlipizideGlobus PallidusGlomerulonephritisGlossitisGlucagonGlucagonomaGlucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencyGlucose Tolerance TestGlutamateGlycated HaemoglobinGlyceryl Trinitrate (GTN)Glycogen storage diseasesGlycolysis_Krebs_Electron_Transport_ChainGlycopyrronium BromideGoitreGolfer's ElbowGolimumab (Simponi)Goodpasture's syndrome (Anti GBM disease)Goserelin (Zoladex)Gradenigo's syndromeGrades of RecommendationGram StainGranuloma annulareGranulomatosis with Polyangitis GPA (Wegener)Graves DiseaseGriseofulvinGrowth Hormone DeficiencyGuillain Barre SyndromeGum hypertrophyGuthrie test New Born blood spotGynaecological History TakingGynaecomastiaHAS-BLED scoreHIV and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)HIV and Pre-exposure prophylaxisHIV associated nephropathy (HIVAN)HIV disease AssessmentHTLV-1 Associated myelopathyHaematemesisHaematology Examination - SplenomegalyHaematology Lab valuesHaematuria Mild to SevereHaemodialysisHaemoglobinsHaemolysisHaemolytic AnaemiaHaemolytic Uraemic syndromeHaemolytic disease of the newbornHaemophilia AHaemophilia BHaemophilus aegyptiusHaemophilus ducreyiHaemophilus influenzaeHaemophilus parainfluenzaeHaemopoiesisHaemorrhagic TransformationHaemorrhagic strokeHaemorrhoids (Piles)Hairy Cell LeukaemiaHairy LeukoplakiaHallervorden-Spatz disease (PKAN)HaloperidolHamman-Rich syndromeHand foot and mouth diseaseHand fractures and InjuriesHantavirus infectionsHartmann's solution (Ringer's lactate)Hartnup disease*Hashimoto's (Steroid responsive) EncephalopathyHashimoto's thyroiditisHbA1cHead (Brain) InjuryHead and Neck CancersHeadache - Analgesic overuseHeadache - Assessing Acute and SevereHeadache - Basilar MigraineHeadache - ClusterHeadache - Low CSF pressureHeadache - MigraineHeadache - TensionHeadaches - GeneralHearing aidsHeat StrokeHelicobacter pyloriHelvetica Spotted feverHemicraniectomyHenoch-Schonlein purpuraHeparin - GeneralHeparin - Low Molecular Weight HeparinHeparin - Unfractionated HeparinHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)Hepatic EncephalopathyHepatitis AHepatitis BHepatitis CHepatitis DHepatitis EHepatocellular CarcinomaHepatorenal syndromesHereditary ElliptocytosisHereditary HaemochromatosisHereditary Haemorrhagic TelangiectasiaHereditary Spastic ParaparesisHereditary SpherocytosisHereditary angio-oedemaHereditary neuropathy with pressure palsiesHereditary non polyposis coli (Lynch syndrome)Herpes GestationisHerpes SimplexHerpes Simplex Encephalitis (HSV)Herpes VirusesHerpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO) ShinglesHerpes simplex keratitis (HSK)Heyde syndromeHiatus herniaHiccups (Singultus)High Dose Dexamethasone Suppression TestHip pain in childrenHirschsprung disease (congenital megacolon)Hirsuitism XXXHistonesHistoplasmosisHodgkin LymphomaHolt-Oram syndromeHolter monitor (tape) 24-72 hHomocystinuriaHookwormHorner's syndromeHospital acquired Pneumonia (NICE 139)Human albumin solution (HAS)Human prion diseasesHumeral fractures and injuriesHunter's syndrome (MPS-2)Huntington ChoreaHurler's syndrome (MPS-1)Hydatid disease (Echinococcus)Hydatidiform moleHydralazineHydrocortisoneHydrogen BondsHydrops fetalisHydroxocobalaminHydroxocobalamin - Cyanocobalamin (B12)HydroxychloroquineHydroxyurea-HydroxycarbamideHyoscine (Buscopan)Hyper IgM syndromeHyperbaric Oxygen therapyHypercalcaemiaHyperglycaemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)Hyperinsulinaemic-euglycemic therapy (HIET)HyperkalaemiaHyperkalaemic and Hypokalaemic Periodic ParalysisHypermagnesaemiaHypernatraemiaHyperphosphataemia (High phosphate)HyperprolactinaemiaHypersensitivity reactionsHypertensionHypertension in PregnancyHypertriglyceridaemia (HTG)Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM - HOCM)Hyperventilation SyndromeHyperviscosity syndromeHypocalcaemiaHypoglycaemiaHypogonadism (Female)Hypogonadism (male)HypokalaemiaHypokalaemic Periodic ParalysisHypomagnesaemiaHyponatraemiaHypoparathyroidismHypophosphataemia (Low phosphate)Hypopituitarism (Pituitary Failure)HypospadiasHypothermiaHypothyroidismHypovolaemic or Haemorrhagic ShockIL-12 receptor deficiencyIV ImmunoglobulinIbandronic acid (Bisphosphonate)IbuprofenIcatibantIdiopathic Intracranial hypertensionIdiopathic Parkinson diseaseIdiopathic Pulmonary FibrosisIgA Nephropathy (Berger's disease)Images - Spot diagosesImatinib mesylateImipenem (Primaxin) with CilastinImmune Reconstitution SyndromeImmune(Idiopathic) Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD)ImpetigoImplantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)Impulse control disordersInclusion Body MyositisIncubation periodsIndapamideIndinavir (IND)Infection screening in Septic patientInfections and their Microbial causeInfectious MononucleosisInfective ConjunctivitisInfective EndocarditisInfertilityInfliximabInfluenzaInguinal HerniaInitial Trauma AssessmentInjury Severity Score (ISS)Insomnia - sleep issuesInsulinInsulinomaInterferon BetaIntermittent ClaudicationInternal CapsuleInternuclear OphthalmoplegiaInterpreting HaematinicsInterstitial KeratitisIntestinal obstruction (Children)Intra Aortic Balloon PumpIntraabdominal abscessIntracerebral Haemorrhage (ICH) ScoreIntracranial HypertensionXIntravenous Iron Replacement (Ferrous)Intraventricular haemorrhage (neonates)Intubation and Mechanical VentilationIntussusception (Adults)Intussusception (Children)Iodine deficiency GoitreIpratropium Bromide (Atrovent)IrbesartanIron SaltsIron deficiency AnaemiaIron toxicityIrritable bowel syndromeIschaemic ColitisIschaemic StrokeIschaemic heart diseaseIsoniazidIsoprenalineIsosorbide DinitrateIsosorbide mononitrateIsotretinoin (Accutane)Ispaghula Husk (Fybogel)IvabradineJansen DiseaseJanus kinase 2Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndromeJob Syndrome (Hyper IgE syndrome)Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP)Junctional TachycardiaJuvenile DermatomyositisJuvenile Idiopathic arthritis (Stills Disease)Juvenile Myoclonic epilepsy (JME)Kallmann's syndromeKaposi sarcoma (KS)Karnofsky performance status scaleKawasaki diseaseKennedy SyndromeKeratoconusKernicterusKetamineKetoconazoleKlebsiella pneumoniaKlinefelter Syndrome (Children)Klumpke palsyKnee fractures and InjuriesKoebner phenomenonKugelberg Welander syndromeKwashiorkorL-Thyroxine (T4)Labetalol (Trandate)Labyrinthitis - Vestibular NeuronitisLactateLactate dehydrogenase (LDH)Lactic acidosisLactobacillus acidophilusLactose IntoleranceLactuloseLady Windermere syndromeLambert-Eaton syndrome (LEMS)Lamivudine (3TC)LamotrigineLangerhans Cell Histiocytosis XLansoprazoleLanthanumLateral Medullary SyndromeLaxativesLe Fort FracturesLead toxicityLeber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)LeflunomideLegal definition of BlindnessLegionella pneumophilaLeishmaniasis (Cutaenous and Visceral)Lemierre's syndromeLenalidomide (Revlimid)Length Dependent PolyneuropathyLennox-Gastaut syndromeLenticulostriate branch occlusionLeprosyLeptinLeptospira interrogansLeptospirosis (Weil's Disease) (Notifiable)Leriche syndrome (aortoiliac occlusive disease)Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (Children)LeukaemiaLeukaemias in GeneralLeukoariosisLeukocytoclastic vasculitisLeukotrienesLevetiracetam (Keppra)LevodopaLevomepromazineLevosimendanLi Fraumeni syndromeLichen PlanusLiddle's syndromeLidocaine(Lignocaine)Lightning strikeLimb girdle dystrophyLimbic EncephalitisLinagliptin (Trajenta)LinezolidLinkageLiothyronine Sodium L-Triodothyronine (T3)Lipid emulsion therapy - IntralipidLipid management [NICE 2014]LipoatrophyLipoprotein lipase deficiencyLiraglutide (Victoza)LisinoprilListerial MeningitisListeriosisLithiumLithium toxicityLivedo ReticularisLiver Anatomy PhysiologyLiver BiopsyLiver Function TestsLiver TransplantationLiver abscessLiver disease in PregnancyLocalisation of cortical functionLofepramineLong QT syndrome (LQTS) AcquiredLong QT syndrome (LQTS) CongenitalLong term Oxygen therapy (LTOT)Loop diureticsLooser's zonesLoperamideLopinavirLoratadineLorazepamLosartanLow Dose Dexamethasone Suppression TestLower Gastrointestinal BleedingLugol iodineLumbar puncture and CSF interpretationLumbrosacral radiculopathyLung AbscessLung CancerLung ComplianceLung EmpyemaLung TransplantLupus NephritisLupus VulgarisLyme diseaseLymphocytic HypophysitisLymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)LyonizationLysosomal storage diseasesMCune Albright syndromeMELASMacrocytic anaemiaMacroglossiaMagnesium PhysiologyMagnesium Sulphate - SulfateMagnetic resonance cholangiopancreatographyMagnetic resonance imagingMajor Histocompatibility complexMalabsorption - small intestineMalaria (non falciparum)Malaria FalciparumMale InfertilityMale Urethral CatheterisationMale erectile dysfunctionMalignant AscitesMalignant Hyperpyrexia (Malignant Hyperthermia)Malignant HypertensionMalignant MelanomaMalignant pleural mesotheliomaMallet FingerMallory-Weiss TearMalnutrition Universal Screening ToolManiaMannitolMantle cell lymphomaMarantic EndocarditisMarasmusMaraviroc (Celsentri)Marfan syndromeMarginal Zone LymphomaMassive HaemoptysisMaturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)McArdles disease (type V)Measles (notifiable)MebeverineMeckel's diverticulumMeconiumMedian NerveMedical Mnemonics Basic SciencesMedical Mnemonics CardiologyMedical Mnemonics EndocrineMedical Mnemonics Mental HealthMedical Mnemonics MiscellaneousMedical Mnemonics NeurologyMedical ProceduresMedical TeethMedullary Sponge kidneyMedulloblastomaMefenamic acidMefloquine (Larium)Megaloblastic anaemiaMelatoninMelioidosisMemantine HydrochlorideMembranous GlomerulonephritisMenetrier diseaseMeniere diseaseMeningiomaMeningitis in the ImmunocompromisedMenopauseMenstrual cycleMental Capacity Act 2005Mental Health Act 1983Mental State ExaminationMercaptopurineMeropenemMesalazine (Aminosalicylate)Mesangiocapillary GlomerulonephritisMesenteric infarctionMetabolic Syndrome XMetabolic acidosisMetabolic alkalosisMetachromic leucodystrophyMetastatic AdenocarcinomaMetastatic bone diseaseMetforminMethaemoglobinaemiaMethanol ToxicityMethodoneMethods to reduce toxin absorptionMethotrexateMethylcelluloseMethylprednisoloneMetoclopramideMetolazoneMetoprololMetronidazole (Flagyl)Metyrapone (Metopirone)MiconazoleMicroangiopathic Haemolytic anaemiaMicrocytic anaemiaMicroscopic PolyangiitisMicroscopic colitisMicrostomiaMidazolamMiddle East Resp Syndrome (MERS) CoronavirusMidodrineMigraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS)Miller-Fisher syndromeMilwaukee shoulder syndromeMini Mental State Examination (MMSE)Minimal Change Disease GlomerulonephritisMinocyclineMinoxidilMirabegronMirizzi syndromeMirtazapineMiscarriageMisoprostolMitochondrial diseasesMitral Regurgitation (Incompetence)Mitral StenosisMitral Stenosis vs Regurgitation - DominanceMitral Valve prolapseMittleschmerzMixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)Mobility aidsModified Duke Criteria for EndocarditisModified Oxford Handicap Scale (MOHS)Modified Rankin ScoreMolluscum contagiosumMonoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significanceMonocular loss of visionMonocytesMonosodium glutamate (MSG) syndromeMontelukastMontreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA)Moraxella catarrhalisMorphine SulphateMosquito borne diseasesMotor Neuron Disease (MND-ALS)Moyamoya diseaseMucormycosisMultifocal Atrial TachycardiaMultifocal Motor Neuropathy with Conduction blockMultiple Antithrombotics AnticoagulantsMultiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type II (MEN2)Multiple MyelomaMultiple PregnancyMultiple Sclerosis (MS) DemyelinationMultiple System Atrophy (MSA)Mumps (Notifiable)Muscles of the Abdominal RegionMuscles of the BackMuscles of the Head and NeckMuscles of the Lower LimbMuscles of the Pelvis and PerineumMuscles of the Thoracic RegionMuscles of the Upper limbMyasthenia GravisMycobacterium TuberculosisMycophenolate mofetilMycoplasma pneumoniaeMycoplasmasMycosis Fungoides (Sezary Syndrome)Myelodysplastic syndrome (Myelodysplasia)MyelofibrosisMyelofibrosis vs CMLMyelopathyMyeloproliferative disordersMyobacterium avium Complex InfectionMyocardial perfusionMyoclonusMyotonic dystrophy - Dystropica myotonicaMyxoedema comaN-Acetylcysteine (Parvolex)NEWS Reacting to Low Oxygen SaturationsNICE Guidelines LinksNICE Trauma Guidance Summary 2016NSAID toxicityNaloxone (Narcan) Opiate antagonistNaproxenNarcolepsyNasal polypsNasogastric tube insertionNatalizumab (Tysabri)National Early Warning Score NEWS 2 ScoreNeck PainNeck swellings and lumpsNecrotising Enterocolitis (Infants)Necrotising fasciitisNeedlestick injuryNefopamNeisseria gonorrhoeaeNeisseria meningitidisNelson SyndromeNeomycinNeonatal Abstinence Syndrome NASNeonatal JaundiceNeonatal Lupus ErythematosusNeonatal meningitisNeostigmineNephritic syndromeNephroblastoma (Wilm's tumour)Nephrotic syndromeNephrotoxic drugsNerve conduction studiesNerve fibresNeuroanatomy 101Neuroanatomy imagesNeuroblastomaNeurocysticercosisNeuroferrinopathyNeurofibromatosis Type 1Neurofibromatosis Type 2Neuroleptic Malignant SyndromeNeurological - Relative Afferent pupillary defectNeurological - Vision and Eye movementsNeurological Examination - CognitionNeurological Examination - Cortical FunctionsNeurological Examination - MotorNeurological Examination - SensoryNeurological Examination - Speech&LanguageNeurological ListsNeurological assessment - PtosisNeurological examination - EyesNeurological or ENT Examination - NystagmusNeurology - History takingNeurology Exam - Reflex findingsNeuromyelitis optica*Neuropathic Pain ManagementNeurotransmittersNeutropeniaNeutropenic SepsisNeutrophil Alkaline PhosphataseNeutrophilsNevirapine (Viramune) NEV-NVPNiacin deficiency (Pellagra Vitamin B6)Nicardipine (Cardene)NicorandilNiemann-Pick diseaseNifedipineNimodipine (Nimotop)Nitric OxideNitrofurantoinNitrous oxideNizatidineNocardiaNoise induced hearing lossNon Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease NAFLDNon Convulsive Status EpilepticusNon Hodgkin LymphomaNon alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)Non gonococcal urethritisNon invasive ventilation (NIV)Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)Non sustained Ventricular tachycardiaNoonan syndromeNoradrenalineNormal DistributionNormal Pressure HydrocephalusNormal Saline 0.9%Normocytic anaemiaNortriptylineNosocomial infectionsNotifiable disease and organisms UKNutrition in Infants BreatsfeedingNystatinOSCE - Administer IV InjectionOSCE - Blood cultureOSCE - VenepunctureOSCE - Venous Cannula InsertionObsessive-Compulsive disorderObstetric definitionsObstructive ShockObstructive Sleep ApnoeaOctreotideOculomotor Nerve (IIIrd Cranial Nerve)OedemaOesophageal CarcinomaOesophageal Perforation - RuptureOesophageal Variceal BleedingOesophagogastroduodenoscopyOlanzapineOlfactory Nerve (I)OligodendrogliomaOlmersartanOlsalazine (Aminosalicylate)OmalizumabOmeprazoleOnchocerciasisOncogenic virusesOncological emergenciesOndansetronOne Table TemplateOphthalmology Exam ListsOpiate ToxicityOpiatesOpicaponeOpioid toxicityOptic Neuritis-NeuropathyOptic atrophyOptic tract anatomyOral Aphthous UlcersOral CandidiasisOral LeukoplakiaOrbital vs Preorbital CellulitisOrganism and sensitivitiesOrganophosphate (OP) PoisoningOrphenadrineOrthopaedic infectionsOrthostatic - Postural hypotensionOscillopsiaOseltamivir - TamifluOsteoarthritisOsteogenesis ImperfectaOsteogenic sarcoma (Osteosarcoma)Osteomalacia-Rickets-Vitamin DOsteomyelitisOsteonecrosis of the jawOsteopetrosisOsteoporosisOtitis Externa (Malignant)Otitis MediaOtosclerosisOttawa rules for ankle and foot x-rayOvarian CancerOvarian CystOvaryOxford community stroke project (Bamford)Oxybutynin (Ditropan)Oxycodone (Oxycontin-Oxynorm)Oxygen delivery devicesOxytetracyclinePEDIS Score for Diabetic Foot UlcersPOEMS syndromePabrinexPacemaker DDDPacemaker VVIPacemaker syndromePacemakersPacing - Indications for temporary pacingPaediatric emergenciesPaediatricsPaget's (Bone) diseasePain ManagementPainful Shoulder syndromesPalliatiion - Nausea Dyspnoea Secretions PainPalliation prescribingPalpitationsPamidronate (Bisphosphonate)Pancoast tumour (Cancer)Pancreatic CancerPanton-Valentine leucocidin toxinPantoprazolePapilloedemaParacetamol (Acetaminophen)Paracetamol toxicityParadoxical embolisationParaneoplastic Encephalitis with NMDA antibodiesParaneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis (Dementia)Paraneoplastic cerebellar degenerationParaphimosisParaquat toxicityParkinson Plus syndromesParkinsonismParonychiaParoxetineParoxysmal Nocturnal HaemoglobinuriaParvovirus (Erythrovirus 19) B19 infectionPasteurella multocidaPatau syndrome (trisomy 13)Patent Ductus arteriosus (PDA) (Children)Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)Pathogen - pattern recognition receptorsPathological bone fracturePegvisomantPelvic fracturesPemphigus VulgarisPenetrating Abdominal TraumaPenetrating Thoracic TraumaPenicillaminePenicillinsPenile CancerPeptic ulcer diseasePercutaenous Coronary Intervention (PCI ACS)PergolidePericardial Effusion_TamponadePerimesencephalic Subarachnoid haemorrhagePerindoprilPerinephric abscessPerioperative AnticoagulationPeripartum cardiomyopathyPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)Peripheral Cannula InsertionPeripheral Nerve Palsies*Peripheral neuropathyPeripherally inserted central cathetersPernicious anaemiaPerthes disease (Osteochondritis of the Hip)PethidinePeutz-Jeghers syndromePhaeochromocytomaPhagocytesPharmacokinetic notesPharmacokineticsPharyngeal arch derivativesPhenobarbital sodiumPhenoxymethylpenicillin (Penicillin V)PhentolaminePhenylketonuria (PKU)Phenytoin (Dilantin)Philadelphia chromosomePhimosisPhobic disordersPhocomelia and ThalidomidePhosphorusPhysiology of visionPicolax - CitrafleetPilonidal Abscess (sinus)Pioglitazone (Thiazolidinediones)Pituitary AdenomaPituitary Anatomy and PhysiologyPituitary ApoplexyPityriasis or Tinea versicolor infectionsPityriasis roseaPivmecillinam (a penicillin antibiotic)Placenta praeviaPlacental abruptionPlantar fasciitisPlasmacytomaPlasmapharesisPlasmidsPleural effusionPleural tap (thoracentesis)Pneumococcal meningititisPneumoconiosisPneumocystis jirovecii pneumoniaPneumoniaPneumothoraxPoisons eliminated Haemodialysis - perfusionPoliomyelitisPolyarteritis nodosa (PAN)Polyarticular arthritisPolycystic Ovary syndromePolycythaemia Vera (primary polycythaemia)Polymerase chain reactionPolymorphic light eruptionPolymyalgia RheumaticaPolymyositisPolypharmacy Start CriteriaPolypharmacy Stop CriteriaPolyuriaPontine-Midbrain haemorrhagePorphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT)Porphyria TestingPortal HypertensionPositron Emission TomographyPost Menopausal BleedingPost Operative ManagementPost Partum ThyroiditisPost Polio SyndromePost SplenectomyPost Streptococcal/Infectious GlomerulonephritisPost Stroke Epilepsy (PSE)Post traumatic stress disorderPost-exposure prophylaxis with ImmunoglobulinsPosterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRESPosterior circulationPostpartum haemorrhagePotassium PhysiologyPralidoximePramipexole (Mirapexin)PrasugrelPravastatinPraxbind - IdarucizumabPraziquantelPrazosinPre-Operative AssessmentPreEclampsia, Eclapsmia and HELLPPrednisolonePrednisonePregabalinPremature LabourPremature MenopausePresbyacusisPrescribing InformationPrescribing in PregnancyPressure soresPrevotella (Bacteroides) melaninogenicaPriapismPrimaquinePrimary (Chronic simple) Open angle GlaucomaPrimary Biliary CirrhosisPrimary CNS LymphomaPrimary HyperparathyroidismPrimary Sclerosing CholangitisPrimary ciliary dyskinesiaPrimary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome)Primary progressive aphasia (Dementia)ProbenicidProchlorperazine (Stemetil)ProcyclidineProgressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)ProlactinomaPropafenonePropanthelinePropionibacteriumPropofolPropranololPropylthiouracilProstate cancerProsthetic ValvesProtamine SulfateProtein C DeficiencyProtein S DeficiencyProtein losing enteropathyProtein p53Protein synthesisProteusProthrombin 20210A mutationProthrombin Complex Concentrates (PCC)Prothrombin time and CoagulationProthrombotic disordersProton Pump InhibitorsProximal myopathyPrucalopridePsammoma bodiesPseudohypoparathyroidismPseudomonas infection (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)Psoas AbscessPsoriasisPsoriatic arthritisPsychogenic PolydipsiaPubic Lice (Pediculosis Pubis)Pulmonary Alveolar ProteinosisPulmonary Arteriovenous malformationPulmonary EmbolismPulmonary Eosinophilia and CXR changesPulmonary HypertensionPulmonary Hypertension - PrimaryPulmonary RegurgitationPulmonary StenosisPulmonary hypertension - SecondaryPulse oximetryPutamenPutaminal HaemorrhagePyloric stenosis (Children)Pyoderma gangrenosumPyonephrosisPyrazinamidePyridostigminePyruvate Kinase deficiencyQuetiapineQuinineQuinine toxicityRabiesRadial PulseRadial nerveRadiation exposureRadioactive iodine (I 131)Radiofrequency Catheter AblationRadius and Ulna fractures and InjuriesRaloxifeneRaltegravirRamiprilRamsay Hunt syndromeRanitidineRanolazineRapid sequence intubation (RSI)Rapidly Progressive GlomerulonephritisRasagilineRasburicaseRaynaud's PhenomenonReactive arthritisRectal ProlapseRed cell aplasiaRed eyeRefeeding syndromeReferring to Level 2 or 3 care (ITU ICU HDU)Refractive ErrorsRefsum's diseaseRelapsing polychondritisRemdesvir (Veklury)Renal Artery StenosisRenal Papillary NecrosisRenal Physiology IRenal Stones (Nephrolithiasis)Renal TransplantationRenal Tubular AcidosisRenal Vein ThrombosisRenal cell carcinomaRenal physiologyRenin and Aldosterone Renin ratio (ARR)Renin-angiotensin systemRespiratory (Chest) infections and pneumoniaRespiratory - History TakingRespiratory AcidosisRespiratory AlkalosisRespiratory Anatomy and PhysiologyRespiratory Disease InvestigationsRespiratory Distress Syndrome (Neonates)Respiratory ExaminationRespiratory Examination - Finger ClubbingRespiratory Failure (hypoxia-hypercarbia)Resting membrane potentialRestless legs syndromeRestriction enzymesRestrictive CardiomyopathyResuscitation - Adult Bradycardia AlgorithmResuscitation - Adult Tachycardia AlgorithmResuscitation - Advanced Life SupportResuscitation - Basic Life Support ABCDEResuscitation - Choking AlgorithmResuscitation - Post Resuscitation AlgorithmReteplaseReticulocytesRetinal detachmentRetinitis pigmentosaRetinoblastomaRetinoidsRetroperitoneal fibrosisRett SyndromeReversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromeReye syndromeRhesus haemolytic diseaseRheumatoid arthritisRheumatology AutoantibodiesRheumatology Lab valuesRhodococcus equiRibavirinRicin ToxicityRickettsia (General Principles)Rickettsia africae (Tick Bite Fever)Rickettsia akariRickettsia conorii (Tick Bite Fever)Rickettsia prowazekiiRickettsia rickettsiiRickettsia tsutsugamushiRickettsia typhiRifampicin (Rifabutin Rifampin)RifaximinRilipivirine (Edurant) RVPRiluzole (Rilutek)Risedronate (Bisphosphonate)RisperidoneRitonavir (Norvir) RTVRituximab (Mabthera)Rivaroxaban (Xarelto)Rivastigmine (Exelon)Rocky Mountain Spotted FeverRocuroniumRotigotineRubella (German Measles) NotifiableSCL70 AntibodySMASH U Intracerebral Haemorrhage ClassificationSOCRATES mnemonicST segment changesSacubitril with ValsartanSalivary Gland DiseaseSalivary glandsSalmonella entericaSalmonella typhiSaquinivir (Invirase) SQVSarcoidosisSaxagliptin (Onglyza)ScabiesScarlet Fever (Scarlatina)SchistosomiasisSchizophreniaSchmidt's syndromeSciaticaSeborrheic DermatitisSecondary Brain TumoursSecondary MessengersSecondary dysmenorrhoeaSecondary hyperparathyroidismSedation and Analgesia on ITUSelective IgA deficiencySelective Serotonin reuptake Inhibitor toxicitySelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)SelegilineSelenium deficiencySennaSeptic Shock and Sepsis 3Septic arthritisSepticaemiaSeronegative SpondyloarthropathiesSerotonin syndromeSerratiaSevelamerSevere combined immunodeficiency disordersSex Linked RecessiveSheehan's syndromeShigella characteristicsShigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery)Shock (General Assessment)Short Synacthen test (SST)Short and Tall stature Growth in ChildrenShoulder dislocationsSick Euthyroid SyndromeSickle Cell DiseaseSideroblastic AnaemiaSigmoid VolvulusSildenafil (Viagra)SilicosisSilver Trauma - Age over 65SimvastatinSinus BradycardiaSinus Node diseaseSinus TachycardiaSitagliptinSitosterolemiaSjogren's syndromeSkin and soft tissue infectionsSkull AnatomySleep physiologySlipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis (SUFE)Small Bowel IschaemiaSmall Bowel ObstructionSmall vessel diseaseSmallpoxSmokingSnake BitesSneddon SyndromeSodium BicarbonateSodium NitroprussideSodium PhysiologySodium PicosulfateSodium Thiopental - Sodium ThiopentoneSodium Valproate (Epilim Depakote)Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate (Lokelma)Soft tissue injuries (sprains, strains)SolifenacinSolitary Pulmonary NoduleSotalol HydrochlorideSpetzler-Martin Grading of AVMSpina BifidaSpinal Cord AnatomySpinal Cord Arteriovenous MalformationsSpinal Cord CompressionSpinal Cord HaematomaSpinal Cord InfarctionSpinal StenosisSpirometrySpironolactoneSpleenSplenic RuptureSpondylolisthesisSpontaneous Bacterial PeritonitisSpontaneous intracranial hypotensionSquamous Cell CarcinomaSt John's WortStaphylococcal InfectionsStaphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus epidermidisStaphylococcus saprophyticusStatinStatus Epilepticus (Epilepsy)Stavudine (Zerit) d4TStevens-Johnson SyndromeStiff Person SyndromeStrabismus (Lazy Eye)Streptobacillus moniliformisStreptococci - anaerobesStreptococcusStreptococcus agalactiaeStreptococcus milleriStreptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus)Streptococcus pyogenesStreptococcus viridansStreptokinaseStreptomycinStridorStroke - Arterial Occlusion and clinical correlateStroke - Epidemiology and risk factorsStroke - General ManagementStroke - ImagingStroke ASPECTS scoringStroke CollateralsStroke Risk FactorsStroke ThrombolysisStrongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)StrontiumSubacute Sclerosing PanencephalitisSubacute ThyroiditisSubarachnoid HaemorrhageSubclavian Steal SyndromeSubclavian vein thrombosisSubdural haematomaSucralfateSudden Cardiac Death (SCD)Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)SuicideSulfasalazine - SulphasalazineSulphonamide (Sulphamethoxazole)SumatriptanSuperior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) SyndromeSuperior Sagittal Sinus ThrombosisSuperior vena caval obstruction syndromeSupracondylar Femur FracturesSupracondylar Humerus FracturesSupraspinatus tendonitisSupraventricular TachycardiaSurgical CricothyroidotomySurgical prophylaxisSurgical site infectionSusac syndromeSuxamethoniumSydenham's choreaSynchronised DC CardioversionSyncopeSyndrome X (Cardiology)Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH) secretionSyndromes with Severe Cognitive IssuesSyphilisSyringobulbiaSyringomyeliaSystemic AmyloidosisSystemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)Systemic MastocytosisSystemic SclerosisT cellsTIMI scoreTMN Staging tumoursTNF receptor-associated periodic syndromeTORCH infectionsTURP Hyponatraemia syndromeTabes dorsalisTacrolimusTafamidisTakayasu arteritis (pulseless disease)Takotsubo CardiomyopathyTamoxifenTamsulosin (Flomax)Tanner Stages of Pubertal DevelopmentTardive DyskinesiasTay-Sachs diseaseTazocin (Tazobactam - Piperacillin)TeicoplaninTelomeresTemazepamTemozolomide (Temodal)Template XTemplate two columns listTemporal (Giant Cell GCA) ArteritisTenecteplaseTennis ElbowTensilon testTension PneumothoraxTerbutalineTeriparatideTerlipressinTertiary hyperparathyroidismTesticular CancerTesticular torsionTestingTetrabenazineTetracosactide (Synacthen)TetracyclinesTetralogy of Fallot (Children)Thalamic HaemorrhageThalamic Pain SyndromeThalamic Stroke SyndromeThalidomideTheophyllineTheophylline toxicityThiamineThird Degree (complete) Heart BlockThoracic TraumaThoracic anatomyThoracic outlet syndromeThrombocytosisThrombolysisThrombophilia testingThrombotic Thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)Thyroglossal Cyst (Children)Thyroid CancerThyroid Function Tests and antbodiesThyroid GlandThyroid Storm - Thyrotoxic crisisThyroid Surgery (Thyroidectomy)Thyroid noduleThyrotoxicosis and HyperthyroidismTiagabineTibia and Fibula fractures and InjuriesTicagrelorTick ParalysisTimololTinea capitisTinidazoleTinzaparin (Innohep)Tiotropium (Spiriva)Titre - TiterTocilizumabTolbutamideTolcaponeTolosa Hunt SyndromeTolterodineTolvaptanTongue tie - ankyloglossia (Children)Topiramate (Topamax)Torsades de pointes (Polymorphic VT)Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous DrainageToxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)Toxic MegacolonToxic Shock SyndromeToxoplasmosisTramadolTranexamic AcidTranscatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI)Transfer factor (TLCO)Transfusion ten commandmentsTransient Global Amnesia (TGA)Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)Transient Monocular Blindness (TMB)Transoesophageal Echocardiography (TOE-TEE)Transplant and organ rejectionTransposition of the great arteries (Children)Transverse myelitisTrastuzumab (Herceptin)Traumatic Spinal InjuryTravellers DiarrhoeaTrazodoneTreponemaTriangles of the neckTrichinellosisTricuspid Atresia (Children)Tricuspid RegurgitationTricuspid StenosisTricyclic Antidepressant ToxicityTricyclic antidepressantsTrigeminal NerveTrigeminal neuralgiaTrihexyphenidyl (benzhexol)TrimethoprimTrinucleotide (triplet) repeatsTrochlear NerveTropheryma whipplei (Whipple disease)Tropical SprueTruncus Arteriosus (Children)TuberculosisTuberculous MeningitisTuberous sclerosisTularaemiaTumour Lysis SyndromeTumour markersTurcot's syndrome (Brain tumor polyposis syndrome)Turner's syndrome (Children)Two list Table templateTyphoid - Paratyphoid fever (Enteric Fever)Tyrosine Kinase receptorsUS vs UK Drug namesUbiquitinUlcerative ColitisUlnar nerveUltrasound - Echo basicsUndifferentiated Inflammatory Arthritis (Children)Unexplained symptomsUpper Gastrointestinal Bleed (GI Bleed)Upper-Lower Motor Neurone signsUrea and ElectrolytesUrethral syndomeUrinary CatheterisationUrinary Incontinence (Stress and Urge)Urinary Tract Infection (UTI Children)Urinary Tract InfectionsUrinary Tract ObstructionUrinary UTI Antibiotic guidanceUrine AnalysisUrothelial tumoursUrticariaUterusVIPomasVTE DVT PE in PregnancyVaginal CarcinomaValaciclovirValsartanVancomycinVariable rate intravenous insulin infusion VRIIIVariant (Prinzmetal) AnginaVaricella-Zoster (Chickenpox Shingles) InfectionVariegate PorphyriaVascular DementiaVasculitis - General Issues and ClassificationVasopressin (AVP) Antidiuretic hormoneVasovagal syncopeVaughan-Williams ClassificationVecuroniumVedolizumab (Entyvio)VenlafaxineVenous Insufficiency and Leg UlcersVenous access Venflons and Central linesVentilator associated pneumonia (VAP)Ventricular FibrillationVentricular Septal defect (VSD) (Children)Ventricular TachycardiaVentricular ectopic beatsVerapamilVertebral artery dissectionVertigoVesicoureteric reflux (VUR) (Children)Vibrio parahaemolyticusVibrio vulnificusVibrio vulnificus Vigabatrin (Sabril)VinblastineVincristineViral MeningitisViral associated cancersVirusesVisual acuityVitamin A deficiency (Children)Vitamin B1 Thiamine deficiencyVitamin B12 deficiencyVitamin B12 excessVitamin C deficiency (Scurvy)Vitamin D (1,25 OH2)Vitamin D (25 OH D)Vitamin D deficiencyVitamin D resistant rickets (Children)Vitamin K (Phytomenadione)Vitamin K deficiencyVitiligoVoltarol (Diclofenac)Von Gierke Disease (Children)Von Hippel LindauVon Willebrand DiseaseWaardenburg's syndrome (Children)Wagner Classification Diabetic foot ulcersWaldenstrom Macroglobulinaemia (WM)Wallerian DegenerationWarfarinWarfarin and BleedingWater PhysiologyWatershed InfarctsWerdnig Hoffman Disease (Children)Wernicke Korsakoff SyndromeWhite Blood Cells - LeukocytesWilliams Syndrome (Children)Wilson diseaseWiskott-Aldrich syndrome (Children)Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome (WPW)Wolfram syndrome (DIDMOAD)Wound healingX linked Agammaglobulinaemia (Bruton)X linked Hypophosphataemic ricketsX-linked IchthyosisX-linked lymphoproliferative disease (Children)Xeroderma pigmentosumYellow FeverYellow Nail SyndromeYersinia enterocoliticaYersinia pestis - Bubonic PlagueYersinia pseudotuberculosisZZAAAZZ_Abnormal charZabramski Classification of CavernomasZidovudine (Retrovir) AZT - ZDVZieve's syndromeZika virusZinc deficiencyZoledronic acidZollinger Ellison syndromeZolpidemZopicloneeGFR

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Anatomy of the Muscles of the Upper limb


Anatomy

Muscles of the Upper Limb - Listed Alphabetically
Muscle Origin Insertion Action Innervation Artery Notes
abductor digiti minimi (hand) pisiform base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit on its ulnar side abducts the 5th digit deep branch of the ulnar nerve ulnar a. abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, and opponens digiti minimi are located in the hypothenar compartment of the hand
abductor pollicis brevis flexor retinaculum, scaphoid, trapezium base of the proximal phalanx of the first digit abducts thumb recurrent branch of median nerve superficial palmar br. of the radial a. abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, and opponens pollicis are located in the thenar compartment of the hand (Latin, pollicis = the thumb)
abductor pollicis longus middle one-third of the posterior surface of the radius, interosseous membrane, mid-portion of posterolateral ulna radial side of the base of the first metacarpal abducts the thumb at carpometacarpal joint radial nerve, deep branch posterior interosseous a. the tendons of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis make the lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox (Latin, pollicis = the thumb)
adductor pollicis oblique head: capitate and base of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals; transverse head: shaft of the 3rd metacarpal base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb adducts the thumb ulnar nerve, deep branch deep palmar arterial arch deep palmar arch and deep ulnar nerve pass between the two heads of adductor pollicis, which is in the adductor-interosseous compartment (Latin, pollicis = the thumb)
anconeus lateral epicondyle of the humerus lateral side of the olecranon and the upper one-fourth of the ulna extends the forearm nerve to anconeus, from the radial nerve interosseous recurrent a. (Greek, anconeus = elbow)
biceps brachii short head: tip of the coracoid process of the scapula; long head: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula tuberosity of the radius flexes the forearm, flexes arm (long head), supinates musculocutaneous nerve (C5,6) brachial a. a powerful supinator only if the elbow is flexed
brachialis anterior surface of the lower one-half of the humerus and the associated intermuscular septa coronoid process of the ulna flexes the forearm musculocutaneous nerve (C5,6) brachial a., radial recurrent a. a powerful flexor
brachioradialis upper two-thirds of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus lateral side of the base of the styloid process of the radius flexes the elbow, assists in pronation & supination radial nerve radial recurrent a. although brachioradialis is innervated by the nerve for extensors (radial), its primary action is elbow flexion; the neutral position of this muscle is half way between supination and pronation (elbow flexed, thumb up)
coracobrachialis coracoid process of the scapula medial side of the humerus at mid-shaft flexes and adducts the arm musculocutaneous nerve (C5,6) brachial a. the musculocutaneous nerve passes through the coracobrachialis muscle to reach the other arm flexor mm.(biceps brachii and brachialis)
deltoid lateral one-third of the clavicle, acromion, the lower lip of the crest of the spine of the scapula deltoid tuberosity of the humerus abducts arm; anterior fibers flex & medially rotate the arm; posterior fibers extend & laterally rotate the arm axillary nerve (C5,6) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus posterior circumflex humeral a. the deltoid muscle is the principle abductor of the arm but due to poor mechanical advantage it cannot initiate this action; it is assisted by the supraspinatus m.
dorsal interosseous (hand) four muscles, each arising from two adjacent metacarpal shafts base of the proximal phalanx and the extensor expansion on lateral side of the 2nd digit, lateral & medial sides of the 3rd digit, and medial side of the 4th digit flex the metacarpophalangeal joint, extend the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of digits 2-4, abduct digits 2-4 (abduction of digits in the hand is defined as movement away from the midline of the 3rd digit) ulnar nerve, deep branch dorsal and palmar metacarpal aa. bipennate muscles; remember DAB & PAD - Dorsal interosseous mm. ABduct and Palmar interosseous mm. ADduct - then you can figure out where they must insert to cause these actions (Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
extensor carpi radialis brevis common extensor tendon (lateral epicondyle of humerus) dorsum of the third metacarpal bone (base) extends the wrist; abducts the hand deep radial nerve radial a. works with the extensor carpi radialis longus and flexor carpi radialis in abduction of the hand (Greek, carpi= the wrist)
extensor carpi radialis longus lower one-third of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus dorsum of the second metacarpal bone (base) extends the wrist; abducts the hand radial nerve radial a. works with the extensor carpi radialis brevis and flexor carpi radialis in abduction of the hand (Greek, carpi= the wrist)
extensor carpi ulnaris common extensor tendon & the middle one-half of the posterior border of the ulna medial side of the base of the 5th metacarpal extends the wrist; adducts the hand deep radial nerve ulnar a. works with the flexor carpi ulnaris in adduction of the hand (Greek, carpi= the wrist)
extensor digiti minimi common extensor tendon (lateral epicondyle of the humerus) joins the extensor digitorum tendon to the 5th digit and inserts into the extensor expansion extends the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints of the 5th digit deep radial nerve interosseous recurrent a. extensor digiti minimi appears to be the ulnar-most portion of extensor digitorum
extensor digitorum common extensor tendon (lateral epicondyle of the humerus) extensor expansion of digits 2-5 extends the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints of the 2nd-5th digits; extends wrist deep radial nerve interosseous recurrent a. and posterior interosseous a. the extensor expansion inserts via a central band on the base of the middle phalanx, while lateral & medial slips insert on the distal phalanx
extensor indicis interosseous membrane and the posterolateral surface of the distal ulna its tendon joins the tendon of the extensor digitorum to the second digit; both tendons insert into the extensor expansion extends the index finger at the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints deep radial nerve posterior interosseous a extensor indicis is a deep forearm extensor, whereas extensor digiti minimi is in the superficial layer of extensors
extensor pollicis brevis interosseous membrane and the posterior surface of the distal radius base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb extends the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint deep radial nerve posterior interosseous a the tendons of extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus make the lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox, in which the radial arterial pulse can be felt (Latin, pollicis = the thumb)
extensor pollicis longus interosseous membrane and middle part of the posterolateral surface of the ulna base of the distal phalanx of the thumb extends the thumb at the interphalangeal joint deep radial nerve posterior interosseous a the tendon of extensor pollicis longus hooks around the dorsal radial tubercle; it forms the medial border of the anatomical snuffbox, in which the radial arterial pulse can be felt (Latin, pollicis = the thumb)
flexor carpi radialis common flexor tendon from the medial epicondyle of the humerus base of the second and third metacarpals flexes the wrist, abducts the hand median nerve ulnar a. works with the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis mm. to abduct hand (Greek, carpi = the wrist)
flexor carpi ulnaris common flexor tendon & (ulnar head) from medial border of olecranon & upper 2/3 of the posterior border of the ulna pisiform, hook of hamate, and base of 5th metacarpal flexes wrist, adducts hand ulnar nerve ulnar a. the ulnar nerve passes between the two heads of origin of the flexor carpi ulnaris m. (Greek, carpi = the wrist)
flexor digiti minimi brevis (hand) hook of hamate & the flexor retinaculum proximal phalanx of the 5th digit flexes the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the 5th digit ulnar nerve, deep branch ulnar a. flexor digiti minimi brevis, abductor digiti minimi, and opponens digiti minimi are in the hypothenar compartment of the hand
flexor digitorum profundus posterior border of the ulna, proximal two-thirds of medial border of ulna, interosseous membrane base of the distal phalanx of digits 2-5 flexes the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints median nerve (radial one-half); ulnar nerve (ulnar one-half) ulnar a., anterior interosseous a. ulnar nerve innervates the portion of profundus that acts on digits 4 & 5 (the ulnar 2 digits)
flexor digitorum superficialis humeroulnar head: common flexor tendon; radial head: middle 1/3 of radius shafts of the middle phalanges of digits 2-5 flexes the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints median nerve ulnar a. median nerve travels distally in the forearm on the deep surface of the flexor digitorum superficialis m.
flexor pollicis brevis flexor retinaculum, trapezium proximal phalanx of the 1st digit flexes the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the thumb recurrent branch of the median nerve superficial palmar br. of the radial a. flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis, and opponens pollicis are the three muscles of the thenar compartment of the hand (Latin, pollicis = the thumb)
flexor pollicis longus anterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane base of the distal phalanx of the thumb flexes the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of the thumb median nerve anterior interosseous a. the tendon of flexor pollicis longus passes through the carpal tunnel with the other long digital flexor tendons and the median nerve (Latin, pollicis = the thumb)
infraspinatus infraspinatous fossa greater tubercle of the humerus (middle facet) laterally rotates the arm suprascapular nerve suprascapular a. infraspinatus, supraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis are the rotator cuff muscles
interosseous, dorsal (hand) four muscles, each arising from two adjacent metacarpal shafts base of the proximal phalanx and the extensor expansion on lateral side of the 2nd digit, lateral & medial sides of the 3rd digit, and medial side of the 4th digit flex the metacarpophalangeal joint, extend the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of digits 2-4, abduct digits 2-4 (abduction of digits in the hand is defined as movement away from the midline of the 3rd digit) ulnar nerve, deep branch dorsal and palmar metacarpal aa. bipennate muscles; remember DAB & PAD - Dorsal interosseous mm. ABduct and Palmar interosseous mm. ADduct - then you can figure out where they must insert to cause these actions (Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
interosseous, palmar four muscles, arising from the palmar surface of the shafts of metacarpals 1, 2, 4, & 5 (the 1st palmar interosseous is often fused with the adductor pollicis m.) base of the proximal phalanx and extensor expansion of the medial side of digits 1 & 2, and lateral side of digits 4 & 5 flexes the metacarpophalangeal, extends proximal and distal interphalangeal joints and adducts digits 1, 2, 4, & 5 (adduction of the digits of the hand is in reference to the midline of the 3rd digit) ulnar nerve, deep branch palmar metacarpal aa. unipennate muscles; remember PAD & DAB: Palmar interossei ADduct and Dorsal interossei ABduct, and you will be able to figure out where they must insert (Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
latissimus dorsi vertebral spines from T7 to the sacrum, posterior third of the iliac crest, lower 3 or 4 ribs, sometimes from the inferior angle of the scapula floor of the intertubercular groove extends the arm and rotates the arm medially thoracodorsal nerve (C7,8) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus thoracodorsal a. the inserting tendon twists so that fibers originating highest insert lowest (Latin, latissimus = broadest)
levator scapulae transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae medial border of the scapula from the superior angle to the spine elevates the scapula dorsal scapular nerve (C5); the upper part of the muscle receives branches of C3 & C4 dorsal scapular a. levator scapulae is named for its action (Latin, levator = to lift)
lumbrical (hand) flexor digitorum profundus tendons of digits 2-5 extensor expansion on the radial side of the proximal phalanx of digits 2-5 flex the metacarpophalangeal joints, extend the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of digits 2-5 median nerve (radial 2) via palmar digital nerves & ulnar nerve (ulnar 2) via deep branch superficial palmar arterial arch lumbricals, arise from the profundus tendons and have the same pattern of innervation as does the profundus muscle (ulnar and median nn. split the task equally) (Latin, lumbricus = earthworm)
opponens digiti minimi hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum shaft of 5th metacarpal opposes the 5th digit ulnar nerve, deep branch ulnar a. opposition is a rotational movement of the 5th metacarpal around the long axis of its shaft; opponens digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, and flexor digiti minimi brevis are in the hypothenar compartment of the hand
opponens pollicis flexor retinaculum, trapezium shaft of 1st metacarpal opposes the thumb recurrent branch of median nerve superficial palmar branch of the radial a. opposition is a rotational movement of the 1st metacarpal around the long axis of its shaft; opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, and flexor pollicis brevis are in the thenar compartment of the hand (Latin, pollicis = the thumb)
palmar interosseous four muscles, arising from the palmar surface of the shafts of metacarpals 1, 2, 4, & 5 (the 1st palmar interosseous is often fused with the adductor pollicis m.) base of the proximal phalanx and extensor expansion of the medial side of digits 1 & 2, and lateral side of digits 4 & 5 flexes the metacarpophalangeal, extends proximal and distal interphalangeal joints and adducts digits 1, 2, 4, & 5 (adduction of the digits of the hand is in reference to the midline of the 3rd digit) ulnar nerve, deep branch palmar metacarpal aa. unipennate muscles; remember PAD & DAB: Palmar interossei ADduct and Dorsal interossei ABduct, and you will be able to figure out where they must insert (Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
palmaris brevis fascia overlying the hypothenar eminence skin of the palm near the ulnar border of the hand draws the skin of the ulnar side of the hand toward the centre of the palm superficial br. of the ulnar n. ulnar a. palmaris brevis improves the grasp
palmaris longus common flexor tendon, from the medial epicondyle of the humerus palmar aponeurosis flexes the wrist median nerve ulnar a. palmaris longus is absent in about 13% of forearms; it may be present on one side only
pectoralis major medial 1/2 of the clavicle, manubrium & body of sternum, costal cartilages of ribs 2-6, sometimes from the rectus sheath of the upper abdominal wall crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus flexes and adducts the arm, medially rotates the arm medial and lateral pectoral nerves (C5-T1) pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial trunk the deep fascia on its anterior surface should not be fused to the fascia of the mammary gland - if it is, this is an important clinical sign indicating breast disease
pectoralis minor ribs 3-5 coracoid process of the scapula draws the scapula forward, medialward, and downward medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1) pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial trunk branches of medial pectoral nerve usually pierce pectoralis minor to reach the pectoralis major muscle
pronator quadratus medial side of the anterior surface of the distal one-fourth of the ulna anterior surface of the distal one-fourth of the radius pronates the forearm median nerve via the anterior interosseous nerve anterior interosseous a. pronator quadratus is the deepest muscle in the distal forearm; it works with pronator teres and has the same nerve supply
pronator teres common flexor tendon and (deep or ulnar head) from medial side of coronoid process of the ulna midpoint of the lateral side of the shaft of the radius pronates the forearm median nerve ulnar a., anterior ulnar recurrent a. median nerve passes between the two heads of origin of pronator teres
rhomboideus major spines of vertebrae T2-T5 medial border of the scapula inferior to the spine of the scapula retracts, elevates and rotates the scapula inferiorly dorsal scapular nerve (C5) dorsal scapular a. named for its shape
rhomboideus minor inferior end of the ligamentum nuchae, spines of vertebrae C7 and T1 medial border of the scapula at the root of the spine of the scapula retracts, elevates and rotates the scapula inferiorly dorsal scapular nerve (C5) dorsal scapular a named for its shape
serratus anterior ribs 1-8 or 9 medial border of the scapula on its costal (deep) surface it draws the scapula forward; the inferior fibers rotate the scapula superiorly long thoracic nerve (from ventral rami C5-C7) lateral thoracic a. a lesion of long thoracic nerve will cause winging of the scapula (i.e., the medial border of the scapula falls away from the posterior chest wall and looks like an angel's wing) (Latin, serratus = to saw)
serratus posterior inferior thoracolumbar fascia, spines of vertebrae T11-T12 and L1-L2 ribs 9-12, lateral to the angles pulls down lower ribs branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves T9-T12 lowest posterior intercostal a., subcostal a., first two lumbar aa. a respiratory muscle, it receives ventral ramus innervation; embryonically related to the intercostal muscles, not the deep back mm. (Latin, serratus = to saw)
serratus posterior superior ligamentum nuchae, spines of vertebrae C7 and T1-T3 ribs 1-4, lateral to the angles elevates the upper ribs branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves T1-T4 posterior intercostal aa. 1-4 a respiratory muscle, it receives ventral ramus innervation; embryonically related to the intercostal muscles, not the deep back mm. (Latin, serratus = to saw)
subclavius first rib and its cartilage inferior surface of the clavicle draws the clavicle (and hence the shoulder) down and forward nerve to subclavius (C5) clavicular br. of the thoracoacromial trunk it serves an important protective function - it cushions the subclavian vessels from bone fragments in clavicular fractures
subscapularis medial two-thirds of the costal surface of the scapula (subscapular fossa) lesser tubercle of the humerus medially rotates the arm; assists extention of the arm upper and lower subscapular nerves (C5,6) subscapular a. subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor are the rotator cuff muscles
supinator lateral epicondyle of the humerus, supinator crest & fossa of the ulna, radial collateral ligament, annular ligament lateral side of proximal one-third of the radius supinates the forearm deep radial nerve recurrent interosseous a. deep radial nerve passes through the supinator to reach the posterior compartment of the forearm
supraspinatus supraspinatous fossa greater tubercle of the humerus (highest facet) abducts the arm (initiates abduction) suprascapular nerve (C5,6) from the superior trunk of the brachial plexus suprascapular a. supraspinatus initiates abduction of the arm, then the deltoid muscle completes the action; a member of the rotator cuff group
teres major dorsal surface of the inferior angle of the scapula crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus adducts the arm, medially rotates the arm, assists in arm extension lower subscapular nerve (C5,6) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus circumflex scapular a. teres major inserts beside the tendon of latissimus dorsi, and assists latissimus in its actions
teres minor upper 2/3 of the lateral border of the scapula greater tubercle of the humerus (lowest facet) laterally rotates the arm axillary nerve (C5,6) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus circumflex scapular a. fixes the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa during abduction & flexion of the arm; a member of the rotator cuff group
trapezius medial third of the superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12 lateral third of the clavicle, medial side of the acromion and the upper crest of the scapular spine, tubercle of the scapular spine elevates and depresses the scapula (depending on which part of the muscle contracts); rotates the scapula superiorly; retracts scapula motor: spinal accessory (XI), proprioception: C3-C4 transverse cervical a. named for its shape; trapezius is an example of a muscle that migrates during development from its level of origin (cervical) to its final position, pulling its nerve and artery along behind
triceps brachii long head: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula; lateral head: posterolateral humerus & lateral intermuscular septum; medial head: posteromedial surface of the inferior 1/2 of the humerus olecranon process of the ulna extends the forearm; the long head extends and adducts arm radial nerve deep brachial (profunda brachii) a. long head of the triceps separates the triangular and quadrangular spaces (teres major, teres minor and the humerus are the other boundaries); all three heads of origin insert by a common tendon